The key indicators of transboundary water apportionment based on international laws and cases

Transboundary water, more competitive utilization and uncertain availability under the globalization trend, the issue of its apportionment which directly impacts national benefits of each riparian state is becoming one of the important topics in the world. Water is scarce in China, the most important upstream state in Asia, and this task has to be thought over in the coming future. Based on ＂International Freshwater Treaties Database＂ （1820-2007） by Oregon State University, and publications and reports on transboundary water utilization and management since 1999, 28 indicators of water apportionment adopted in 49 international treaties and cases in 1864-2002 are divided into 6 types, the spatial and temporal characteristics of the adopted indicators are analyzed in order to find the key indicator（s） of transboundary water apportionment. The major results include： the major adopted indicators, have significant differences among 5 regions/continents, the indicators at rank first and second place in the developed region （North America and Europe） according to the adopted times are ＂keeping minimum water flow＂ and ＂mean annual runoff＂, but in the developing region （Asia, Africa and South America）, the ranking order of the above two indicators is reversed; the major adopted indicators in the watersheds with insufficient water are ＂mean annual runoff＂ and ＂keeping minimum water flow＂, the ones in the watersheds with sufficient water are ＂keeping minimum water flow＂ and ＂maximum water intake＂; the international treaties signed from the first phase to the fourth phase, the developing process shows a progress of ＂fewer-increasing a lot-decreasing rapidly-equation basically＂, the regional distribution of the treaties shifts mainly from the developed region to the developing one, especially to Asia and Africa; the major adopted indicators shifts from ＂keeping minimum water flow＂ and ＂mean annual runoff＂ in 1864-1945, to ＂keeping minimum water flow＂ and ＂maximum water intake＂ in 1946-1971, then to ＂hydraulic facility operation＂ and ＂mean annual runoff＂ in 1972-1991, and finally to ＂keeping minimum water flow＂ and ＂mean annual runoff＂ in 1992-2002, the process shows similar a loop. Finally, the key indicator on transboundary water apportionment can be determined as ＂keeping minimum water flow＂.     

特克斯河流域近236a降水变化及其趋势预测

根据2006年采自特克斯河流域6个采样点的树轮样本研制的树轮宽度年表与气象资料,通过相关普查发现,特克斯河流域树轮标准化年表与上年7月至当年6月的降水存在显著的正相关,最高单相关系数为0.727.用库尔克尔也灭,小白代的树轮宽度标准化年表序列,可较好地重建该地区最近236 a的降水序列,方差解释量达54%,并通过交叉检验表明重建结果是稳定可靠的.近236 a,特克斯河流域上年7月至当年6月降水经历了8个偏湿阶段和8个偏干阶段,同时重建降水序列具有10.3 a、7.5 a、6.0 a、3.0 a、2.1 a的变化准周期,并在1790年,1911年,1929年,1974年发生过降水突变.采用毛毛虫-奇异谱分析法(Caterpillar-ssa)对该地区未来20 a的降水的自然变化进行预测.结果表明,21世纪的最初几年降水量将延续20世纪90年代以来增加的趋势,之后出现下降,并在2013～2016年前后最低值出现.     

基于游客视角的智慧景区评价体系及实证分析——以南京夫子庙秦淮风光带为例

建设智慧景区,对于景区实现精细化、低碳化、移动化的管理方向,并最终实现"智慧旅游"的发展战略具有重要意义。目前对于智慧景区的探讨多集中于技术、管理和服务层面,尚无文献从游客视角对智慧景区评价指标体系进行研究。本文运用因子分析方法,构建了基于游客的智慧景区评价指标体系,提出应该从景区智能管理系统、信息服务智能系统、智慧游览系统、智慧预报系统、旅游电子支付、景区综合智能系统、景区安全救助智能系统、景区智能交通系统和景区资源保护智能系统9个方面进行智慧景区的建设。在此基础上,运用模糊综合评价方法,以南京夫子庙秦淮风光带为例,进行了智慧景区的实证评价。最后,对夫子庙秦淮风光带智慧景区建设的优势、不足以及对策进行了分析。     

基于GIS的福州市医疗机构空间分布研究

利用GIS技术,计算医疗机构的质量指数、距离指数以及频率指数,同时构建福州市市区医疗机构的优势度模型,并实现了GIS空间分析可视化．研究结果显示：1）福州市主要的综合性医疗中心大部分分布在鼓楼区、台江区,晋安区、仓山区数量较少．2）随着福州城市化进程加快,医疗机构的发展跟不上人口分布的变化,在金山地区表现尤为明显．建议有关部门给予重视,为区域可持续发展,合理配置医疗站点．     

自然灾害遗址型黑色旅游地参观者动机研究——以汶川地震北川遗址公园为例

黑色旅游是当前国内外研究的热点之一,黑色旅游开发是自然灾害发生地灾后恢复的一种重要方式。以往研究较多关注战争与事件型黑色旅游地,对自然灾害遗址型旅游地的研究较少。本文以汶川地震北川遗址公园为案例,构建了参观者动机测量量表;通过因子分析得到了教育与纪念动机、社交与亲情动机、感受与见证动机、认同与求新动机和好奇心动机五大类参观者动机类型。为分析和比较不同来源地参观者动机的特征,探究事件关注度和认知欲望对不同类型动机的影响程度差异,分别以全体参观者和四川参观者为样本构建了结构方程模型。结果显示:全体参观者模型中,事件关注度对教育与纪念、社交与亲情等动机影响较大,而对好奇心动机影响较小;认知欲望对教育与纪念、感受与见证以及好奇心等动机影响较大,而对认同和求新动机影响较小。在四川参观者模型中,参观者对汶川事件的关注度不能激发感受与见证动机,认知欲望对社交与亲情动机的影响也不显著,而对于汶川地震地区的认同感和集体认同感较强。     

基于离散元方法的落石碰撞破碎研究

落石是山区公路边坡常见的地质灾害。落石撞击破碎是落石灾害中常见的现象,落石破碎致使运动轨迹改变往往会增大落石的危害性,但其通常未被考虑到落石的防护设计中。因此,落石破碎机理的研究对落石防护措施设计有重要的指导意义。本文运用离散元方法（离散元开源软件Esys-Particle）模拟落石铅直撞击地面的过程。在模型中,落石由大量的颗粒组成,并且相邻的颗粒由可断裂的黏结材料黏接;地面由一层固定的颗粒组成,从而模拟地面的摩擦、弹性变形性质。模型模拟出落石反弹、破碎和粉碎等过程,分析黏结材料的杨氏模量、颗粒间凝聚力和内摩擦角对落石撞击地面过程的影响,得出落石撞击过程中破坏率和动能的变化过程。研究发现：当杨氏模量和凝聚力的比值较小时,落石将会发生反弹;当杨氏模量和凝聚力的比值增大到一定程度时,落石将会破碎成不同大小的块体;当杨氏模量和凝聚力的比值超过一定限度时,落石将会破碎成非常细小的块体;内摩擦角的变化对撞击过程影响非常小。     

泰安台水平摆对范县4.3级地震的潮汐异常响应

运用CUM-AIC方法处理泰安地震台水平摆观测资料,发现其2011年10月13日河南省范县和山东省鄄城交界发生的4.3级地震前存在异常信号,分析显示该方法能较好地提取潮汐形变短临异常。     

建设节约型社会实现可持续发展

2005年3月5日,温家宝总理在十届全国人大三次会议上作政府工作报告时提出,缓解中国能源资源与经济发展的矛盾,必须立足国内,显著提高能源资源利用效率,在全社会形成节约意识和风气,加快建设节约型社会。温家宝总理关于“节约”的论述,开启了中国建设节约型社会的新纪元。     

新冠疫情期间武汉樱花的情感效应

运用大数据文本挖掘和分析工具,对比新冠疫情期间武汉和非武汉地区居民所发布的微文,探究了武汉樱花在不同居民群体间情感效应的作用机制,研究发现：1）本地居民樱花微文的关注点多而分散,非本地居民的关注点少而集中;2）武汉樱花对不同地区居民情感的影响与疫情发展状况紧密相关;3）武汉樱花在疫情期间对武汉居民具有情感支持效应,对非武汉地区居民具有情感凝聚效应;4）疫情改变人的情感和景观解读背景,并赋予景观新的意义,新的景观意义反作用于居民,构成情感闭合回路。最后提出建议,抗疫恢复工作应多关注居民心理层面的缺失,从居民与城市、景观的情感关系入手,向武汉居民传达城市美好生活理念。     

Physicochemistry and Mineralogy of Storm Dust and Dust Sediment in Northern China

Dust sediments collected from 1995 to 1998 in Beijing, Dunhuang, Inner Mongolia, Kashi, the Kunlun Mountains, Lanzhou, Ningxia, the Taklimakan Desert, and Xi‘an, China, were characterized in terms of their physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties. Most aerosols and dust analysed ranged in texture from silty clay to clay loam. Their median particle diameters (Mds) generally ranged between 5 to 63μm,coinciding with those of loess from central China and the finest sand from northwestern China. The dust sediments were characterized by a predominance of SiO2 and Al2O3, followed by K2O. Their SiO2/Al2O3and K2O/SiO2 molar ratios ranged from 5.17 to 8.43 and from 0.009 to 0.0368, respectively. The mass concentration spectrum during a dust storm showed a single peak, rather than the triple peak generally observed under clear sky conditions. The dominant minerals were chlorite, illite, calcite, and dolomite.These physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties were consistent with those of aeolian soils and loess in western and central China. The results suggest that aerosols and fine-gained fractions of dust sediments collected in northern China are mainly composed of soil material transported from the arid and semiarid regions of China and Mongolia by prevailing winds. The rate of deposition and properties of dust falling on eastern China were strongly influenced by meteorological conditions, season, latitude, longitude, and altitude of the sampling sites.