Curve matching approaches to waveform classification: a case study using ICESat data

Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) waveforms are being increasingly used in many forest and urban applications, especially for ground feature classification. However, most studies relied on either discretizing waveforms to multiple returns or extracting shape metrics from waveforms. The direct use of the full waveform, which contains the most comprehensive and accurate information has been scarcely explored. We proposed to utilize the complete waveform to test its ability to differentiate between objects having distinct vertical structures using curve matching approaches. Two groups of curve matching approaches were developed by extending methods originally designed for pixel-based hyperspectral image classification and object-based high spatial image classification. The first group is based on measuring the curve similarity between an unknown waveform and a reference waveform, including curve root sum squared differential area (CRSSDA), curve angle mapper (CAM), and Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence. The second group assesses the curve similarity between an unknown and reference cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) of their waveforms, including cumulative curve root sum squared differential area (CCRSSDA), cumulative curve angle mapper (CCAM), and Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) distance. When employed to classify open space, trees, and buildings using ICESat waveform data, KL provided the highest average classification accuracy (87%), closely followed by CCRSSDA and CCAM, and they all significantly outperformed KS, CRSSDA, and CAM based on 15 randomized sample sets.     

模糊空间分维在地震活动时空演化研究中的应用

本文把模糊分维方法应用于地震活动时空演化研究,当中.给出了强震和中强震活动模糊空间分维的确定方法,并通过计算不同小区的模糊空间分维随时间的变化曲线来研究地震活动的时空演化特征.以华北及西南地区地震活动性时空演化图象为例进行了具体分析研究.所得结果表明,大震前地震活动的模糊空间分维D_0~(2)要出现下降异常,并且大地震发生在D_0~(2)减小的地区(西南)或先减小而后达到高值(华北)的地区.     

利用非均匀细胞自动机模拟震级与应力降关系

为解释实际观测资料震源破裂过程与自相似(分形)模型的不一致性, 本文基于观测结果, 构建了由81×81个细胞单元组成二维非均匀断层模型, 并通过设计的细胞自动机模拟程序进行了模拟试验。 研究结果表明: 断层结构非均匀性是影响孕震过程特征的重要因素, 而且地震强度分布并非简单的自相似。 随着断层非匀质性增加, 破裂过程出现由相对的脆性破坏向塑性破坏特征变化的趋势。 利用细胞自动机不仅能较好地解释震级-频度关系中的大、 小震级段低头现象, 而且也可解释大震级事件具有相对恒定的应力降, 得到了与实际观测研究相一致的结果。     

Geoeffective Analysis of CMEs Under Current Sheet Magnetic Coordinates

Using 100 CME–ICME events during 1997.01–2002.11, based on the eruptive source locations of CMEs and solar magnetic field observations at the photosphere, a current sheet magnetic coordinate (CMC) system is established in order to statistically study the characteristics of the CME–ICME events and the corresponding geomagnetic storm intensity. The transit times of CMEs from the Sun to the Earth are also investigated, by taking into account of the angle between the CME eruption normal (defined as the vector from the Sun center to the CME eruption source) and the Sun-Earth line. Our preliminary conclusions are: 1. The distribution of the CME sources in our CMC system is obviously different from that in the ordinary heliographic coordinate system. The sources of CMEs are mainly centralized near the heliospheric current sheet (HCS), and the number of events decreases with the increment of the angular distance from the CME source to the HCS on the solar surface; 2. A large portion of the total events belong to the same–side events (referring to the CME source located on the same side of the HCS as the Earth), while only a small portion belong to the opposite–side events (the CME source located on the opposite side of the HCS as the Earth). 3. The intense geomagnetic storms are usually induced by the same–side events, while the opposite side events are commonly associated with relatively weak geomagnetic storms; 4. The angle between the CME normal and the Sun–Earth line is used to estimate the transit time of the CME in order to reflect the influence of propagation characteristic of the CME along the Sun–Earth direction. With our new prediction method in context of the CMC coordinate, the averaged absolute error for these 100 events is 10.33 hours and the resulting relative error is not larger than 30% for 91% of all the events.     

夏季怒江流域水汽输送多支特征及对降水影响

基于高空间分辨率0.25°的ERA-Interim再分析资料、TRMM 3B43 Version7数据、气象站点实测数据等多源数据,本文采用一种新的流域边界水汽通量概化和提取方法,揭示了夏季怒江流域水汽输送多支特征,并分析了其对降水时空分异的影响。研究表明,在高黎贡山南部、北部,伯舒拉岭北部及念青唐古拉山中部,有4支区域性水汽输送高值区,多年平均输送通量分别达102.6 kg/(m·s)、66.3 kg/(m·s)、39.7 kg/(m·s)和41.3 kg/(m·s)。多支水汽输送不仅深刻影响流域水汽输送格局,而且对降水时空分异也有不同程度影响。年际变化上,中下游横断山区水汽输送对降水的影响较小,上游青藏高原区影响较大,尤其以那曲—比如—索县一带影响最为显著。空间分布上,流域降水与水汽输送通量呈显著正相关,受多支水汽输送影响形成多个区域性多雨带。     

CGE模型在地理学综合研究中的应用

地理学研究以综合性和区域性为特色。提高地表过程研究中人文与自然要素综合分析的深度与广度,寻找学科交叉的综合途径是地理学中具有挑战性的课题。可计算一般均衡模型(Computable General Equilibrium,CGE) 是环境与经济系统之间互动影响关系模拟的有力工具,在地理学综合研究中得到广泛应用。本文概括了CGE模型在资源环境的可持续性、气候变化与资源税、灾害与综合风险管理、污染物的区域环境过程等多个方面的应用,从模拟主体、模型约束、模拟方法以及过程与结果表达4 个角度,总结了CGE模型与地理学综合研究之间的契合点,并指出与地理学其他模型的耦合以及情景模拟的地理学依据是CGE模型下一步的发展方向。     

大亚湾西部海域沉积物中生物硅的含量及其分布特征

采用2. 0 mol/dm~3Na_2CO_3溶液5h单点化学提取-硅钼蓝连续分光光度分析法分别测定了大亚湾西部海域13个表层沉积物和1个沉积物岩芯中生物硅的含量.表层沉积物和沉积物岩芯中生物硅含量占比分别为0. 69%～2. 02%和1. 24%～2. 05%,平均值分别为1. 42%和1. 60%.结果证实西大亚湾沉积物中生物硅含量水平与我国南海近岸海域基本一致.在210Pbex测年的基础上,通过分析沉积物岩芯中生物硅、有机物、无机碳等多指标,揭示近百年来大亚湾周边环境变化对海洋环境的影响,证实了上世纪80年代以来西大亚湾周边农业、海水养殖业和工业发展等人类活动加剧了该海域生态环境变化,尤其90年代核电站运行对海洋生态变化造成一定的影响.     

基于一维综合孔径微波辐射计的海面温度反演研究

Due to the low spatial resolution of sea surface temperature(T_S) retrieval by real aperture microwave radiometers,in this study, an iterative retrieval method that minimizes the differences between brightness temperature(T_B)measured and modeled was used to retrieve sea surface temperature with a one-dimensional synthetic aperture microwave radiometer, temporarily named 1 D-SAMR. Regarding the configuration of the radiometer, an angular resolution of 0.43° was reached by theoretical calculation. Experiments on sea surface temperature retrieval were carried out with ideal parameters; the results show that the main factors affecting the retrieval accuracy of sea surface temperature are the accuracy of radiometer calibration and the precision of auxiliary geophysical parameters. In the case of no auxiliary parameter errors, the greatest error in retrieved sea surface temperature is obtained at low T_S scene(i.e., 0.710 6 K for the incidence angle of 35° under the radiometer calibration accuracy of0.5 K). While errors on auxiliary parameters are assumed to follow a Gaussian distribution, the greatest error on retrieved sea surface temperature was 1.330 5 K at an incidence angle of 65° in poorly known sea surface wind speed(W)(the error on W of 1.0 m/s) over high W scene, for the radiometer calibration accuracy of 0.5 K.     

东太平洋赤道海域茎柔鱼小型群体资源分布及其渔场环境特征

茎柔鱼(Dosidicus gigas)是我国远洋渔业的重要捕捞对象。当前针对茎柔鱼渔场分布及其与环境关系的研究多集中于秘鲁海域,针对赤道海域茎柔鱼特定种群小型群体资源分布及其渔场环境特征研究较少。根据2019年12月至2020年2月茎柔鱼生物学数据,2019年12月至2020年4月生产和环境数据,运用胴长-体重关系拟合、地统计插值、广义可加模型(GAM)探究其资源分布及渔场环境状况。结果表明：东太平洋赤道海域茎柔鱼胴长范围为136~407 mm,体重范围为117~1557 g；2019年12月至2020年4月各月渔获量呈先增加后减小趋势,2月渔获量最高；CPUE曲线除2月增加外,总体呈下降趋势；渔场集中分布于0°~3°S、105°W~114°W海域,不同月份渔场重心经向变化明显；渔场最适SST范围是24.5~25.5 °C,最适Chl-a范围是0.16~0.20 mg/m3,月份是影响茎柔鱼CPUE的主要因子。研究表明：该海域茎柔鱼渔获主要为小型群体；小型群体生长发育期(2–3月)对渔场分布有重要影响,生长发育期前茎柔鱼集群度高,生长发育期后逐渐分散活动；单一影响因子与茎柔鱼CPUE相关性不显著,综合考虑其他环境因素及其交互影响是今后的研究方向。     

“气候外交”与达沃斯“六大挑战”

作者从事气候变化外交谈判多年,而2005年对气候变化外交谈判来说是具有里程碑意义的一年。同时,在2005 年1月举行的达沃斯世界经济论坛上选出的六项优先议题(称六大挑战)中,气候变化的议题位居第三。作者以他敏锐的思考,科学的分析,把气候外交与达沃斯六大挑战的深刻内涵作了充分的诠释,并对未来的气候变化谈判充满了信心。