海滩修复养护技术发展趋势与前景

海岸侵蚀是沿海各国面临的共同问题,海滩养护是当前砂质海岸保护的最佳手段,在全球范围内得到广泛应用。本文回顾了海滩养护技术的发展历程,总结了世界范围的海滩养护实践,分析各国海滩养护理念上存在的差异。以研究文献为基础,总结归纳了平面和横向剖面的补砂方式、辅助工程技术和海滩模型预测等方面的海滩养护技术研究进展,并在此基础上提出了海滩养护的未来发展趋势:①针对复杂海岸的海滩养护应用拓展;②基于沉积物管理的海滩养护修复;③从地貌系统到生态系统全面考虑的海滩养护技术;④全球砂源赤字条件下的海滩保护和修复思路。     

Moving load response of an axially loaded Timoshenko beam on a multilayered transversely isotropic half-space comprising different media

This paper investigates the dynamic response of an axially loaded Timoshenko beam coupled with a multilayered transversely isotropic (TI) half-space subjected to a moving load. An axial force induced by the thermal expansion is taken into account in the Timoshenko beam. The half-space considers the alternate distribution of an arbitrary number of TI elastic and poroelastic layers to model foundation soils with different properties and moisture conditions. To solve the governing equations, Fourier transform is adopted. The stratified foundation is formulated by extending an “adapted stiffness matrix method” to a more general scenario with an arbitrary number of layers. The beam is then coupled with the foundation to derive solutions to the system in the frequency-wavenumber domain. The final results in the time-spatial domain are recovered by the inverse Fourier transform. After confirming the accuracy of the method in this study, the influences of the pore water existence, the transverse isotropy of different parameters, and the axial force are investigated. It can be observed that the effect of pore water existence on the maximum beam deflection can reach 22% in this study. The transverse isotropy of the elastic and shear moduli influences the critical speed of the beam deflection by altering the phase velocity of the first wave propagation mode of the beam-foundation system. The vertical permeability coefficient is more important than the horizontal one in determining the excess pore pressure. The rise of the beam temperature (axial force) decreases the critical speed and magnifies the vibrations.     

Coastal ecosystem change in Asia: hypoxia,eutrophication, and nutrient conditions

Journal of Oceanography -     

基于Global Mapper和Google Earth的地理教学资源的开发与集成——以“城市功能分区”为例

用GIS软件开发与集成地理教学资源,能活化地理教材,创新学习情境,把对学生地理核心素养的培养落到实处。本文展示了城市功能分区的创新教学环境,并以该环境教学资源的开发与集成为例,较为详细地说明了用“全能电子地图下载器”下载本地卫星地图、用Global Mapper配准地理图像和输出KMZ文件、在Google Earth中把图像叠加层设为半透明和添加屏幕覆盖图层的方法。     

Volunteered geographic information research in the first decade: a narrative review of selected journal articles in GIScience

ABSTRACT

More than 10 years have passed since the coining of the term volunteered geographic information (VGI) in 2007. This article presents the results of a review of the literature concerning VGI. A total of 346 articles published in 24 international refereed journals in GIScience between 2007 and 2017 have been reviewed. The review has uncovered varying levels of popularity of VGI research over space and time, and varying interests in various sources of VGI (e.g. OpenStreetMap) and VGI-related terms (e.g. user-generated content) that point to the multi-perspective nature of VGI. Content-wise, using latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA), this study has extracted 50 specific research topics pertinent to VGI. The 50 topics have been subsequently clustered into 13 intermediate topics and three overarching themes to allow a hierarchical topic review. The overarching VGI research themes include (1) VGI contributions and contributors, (2) main fields applying VGI, and (3) conceptions and envisions. The review of the articles under the three themes has revealed the progress and the points that demand attention regarding the individual topics. This article also discusses the areas that the existing research has not yet adequately explored and proposes an agenda for potential future research endeavors.     

Quantifying the impacts of climate change and land use on hydrological processes: A comparison between mountain and lowland agricultural watersheds

Mountain and lowland watersheds are two distinct geographical units with considerably different hydrological processes. Understanding their hydrological processes in the context of future climate change and land use scenarios is important for water resource management. This study investigated hydrological processes and their driving factors and eco-hydrological impacts for these two geographical units in the Xitiaoxi watershed, East China, and quantified their differences through hydrological modelling. Hydrological processes in 24 mountain watersheds and 143 lowland watersheds were simulated based on a raster-based Xin'anjiang model and a Nitrogen Dynamic Polder (NDP) model, respectively. These two models were calibrated and validated with an acceptable performance (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients of 0.81 and 0.50, respectively) for simulating discharge for mountain watersheds and water level for lowland watersheds. Then, an Indicators of Hydrological Alteration (IHA) model was used to help quantify the alterations to the hydrological process and their resulting eco-hydrological impacts. Based on the validated models, scenario analysis was conducted to evaluate the impacts of climate and land use changes on the hydrological processes. The simulation results revealed that (a) climate change would cause a larger increase in annual runoff than that under land use scenario in the mountain watersheds, with variations of 19.9 and 10.5% for the 2050s, respectively. (b) Land use change was more responsible for the streamflow increment than climate change in the lowland watersheds, causing an annual runoff to increase by 27.4 and 16.2% for the 2050s, respectively. (c) Land use can enhance the response of streamflow to the climatic variation. (d) The above-mentioned hydrological variations were notable in flood and dry season in the mountain watersheds, and they were significant in rice season in the lowland watersheds. (e) Their resulting degradation of ecological diversity was more susceptible to future climate change in the two watersheds. This study demonstrated that mountain and lowland watersheds showed distinct differences in hydrological processes and their responses to climate and land use changes.     

The effect of storm movement on infiltration,runoff and soil erosion in a semi-arid catchment

Rainfall characteristics are key factors influencing infiltration and runoff generation in catchment hydrology, particularly for arid and semiarid catchments. Although the effect of storm movement on rainfall-runoff processes has been evaluated and emphasized since the 1960s, the effect on the infiltration process has barely been considered. In this study, a physically based distributed hydrological model (InHM) was applied to a typical semi-arid catchment (Shejiagou, 4.26 km²) located in the Loess Plateau, China, to investigate the effect of storm movement on infiltration, runoff and soil erosion at the catchment scale. Simulations of 84 scenarios of storm movement were conducted, including storms moving across the catchment in both the upstream and downstream directions along the main channel, while in each direction considering four storm moving speeds, three rainfall depths and two storm ranges. The simulation results showed that, on both the hillslopes facing downstream (facing south) and in the main channel, the duration of the overland flow process under the upstream-moving storms was longer than that under the downstream-moving storms. Thus, the duration and volume of infiltration under upstream-moving storms were larger in these areas. For the Shejiagou catchment, as there are more hillslopes facing downstream, more infiltration occurred under the upstream-moving storms than the downstream-moving storms. Therefore, downstream-moving storms generated up to 69% larger total runoff and up to 351% more soil loss in the catchment than upstream-moving storms. The difference in infiltration between the storms moving upstream and downstream decreased as the storm moving speed increased. The relative difference in total runoff and sediment yield between the storms moving upstream and downstream decreased with increasing rainfall depth and storm speed. The results of this study revealed that the infiltration differences under moving storms largely influenced the total runoff and sediment yield at the catchment scale, which is of importance in runoff prediction and flood management. The infiltration differences may be a potential factor leading to different groundwater, vegetation cover and ecology conditions for the different sides of the hillslopes.     

关联视角下兰州市生产性服务业与制造业空间分布及区位选择比较

基于微观企业数据从关联性视角对兰州市生产性服务业与制造业空间分布特征和模式进行分析,进而探讨其区位选择因素的异同。研究表明：① 生产性服务业与制造业的空间布局均呈现出以主城区为主体、外围局部地区为补充的“中心-外围”空间格局,但生产性服务业集聚区主要集中在河谷地带的主城区,制造业集聚区则呈现出明显的郊区化趋势,二者在空间上存在关联的同时又具有一定的可分性。② 生产性服务业形成了以城市中心区和郊区国家级新区及卫星城镇为多元空间载体的“紧凑型-中心性”模式,制造业则形成了以国家级新区和产业园区为空间载体的“离散型-郊区化”模式。③ 生产性服务业与制造业企业的区位选择需在产业环境、要素禀赋以及政策导向方面进行权衡,生产性服务业企业较为关注区域整体发展氛围,制造业企业则更注重自然因素、区位历史和产业政策的影响。④ 传统型生产性服务业企业区位选择受到地方化经济、区位资源禀赋的影响最为显著,现代型和高端型生产性服务业企业则更容易受到政策的导引从而形成空间集聚;劳动密集型制造业企业主要依附在劳动力资源较为丰富且交通便利的地区,资本密集型制造业企业倾向于具有产业政策优势及土地成本优势的开发区和新区布局,技术密集型制造业企业受成本要素的制约较小且更加注重集聚经济的外部效用。     

Magnetic properties indicate the sources of hadal sediments in the Yap Trench,northwest Pacific Ocean

Journal of Oceanology and Limnology - Magnetic minerals in marine sediments are often masked by the primary natural remanent magnetization and material source signals. In order to understand...