Three-dimensional Fusion of Spaceborne and Ground Radar Reflectivity Data Using a Neural Network–Based Approach

The spaceborne precipitation radar onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite(TRMM PR) can provide good measurement of the vertical structure of reflectivity, while ground radar(GR) has a relatively high horizontal resolution and greater sensitivity. Fusion of TRMM PR and GR reflectivity data may maximize the advantages from both instruments.In this paper, TRMM PR and GR reflectivity data are fused using a neural network(NN)–based approach. The main steps included are: quality control of TRMM PR and GR reflectivity data; spatiotemporal matchup; GR calibration bias correction;conversion of TRMM PR data from Ku to S band; fusion of TRMM PR and GR reflectivity data with an NN method;interpolation of reflectivity data that are below PR's sensitivity; blind areas compensation with a distance weighting–based merging approach; combination of three types of data: data with the NN method, data below PR's sensitivity and data within compensated blind areas. During the NN fusion step, the TRMM PR data are taken as targets of the training NNs, and gridded GR data after horizontal downsampling at different heights are used as the input. The trained NNs are then used to obtain 3D high-resolution reflectivity from the original GR gridded data. After 3 D fusion of the TRMM PR and GR reflectivity data, a more complete and finer-scale 3D radar reflectivity dataset incorporating characteristics from both the TRMM PR and GR observations can be obtained. The fused reflectivity data are evaluated based on a convective precipitation event through comparison with the high resolution TRMM PR and GR data with an interpolation algorithm.     

Relocation optimization of electric cars in one-way car-sharing systems: modeling,exact solving and heuristics algorithms

Car-sharing system with electric cars is a very convenient service for urban transportation: it allows users to pick up a vehicle at a station and rent it during a short time. To manage this kind of system in the best way, it is necessary to solve the critical problem of vehicle stock imbalance across the stations. Several decision levels must be considered to balance the car distribution by taking into account the quality of service and the system operation cost. To this end, a linear programming model is proposed to formalize the problem in a mathematical framework, which allows the computation of optimal vehicle distribution strategies. To make our solution time efficient and usable for solving large problems, a greedy algorithm and a tabu search algorithm are proposed. These two algorithms are applied to the Auto Bleue network in Nice and its surrounding (France) using extensive simulations. Besides, an integrated mapping method is provided within the Geographical Information System QGIS to estimate flows and their locations. Numerical results demonstrate that the tabu search algorithm is able to find near-optimal solutions and good compromises between client satisfaction, number of staff agents and vehicles used, and computing time.     

Personalized sightseeing tours: a model for visits in art museums

This article describes a method to provide adapted visit tours in art museums according to the preferences expressed by the visitor and exhibits prestige. It is based on a dual approach with, on the one hand an automatic textual analysis of the official information available online (labels of exhibits) that allows to rank the exhibit attractiveness for a standard museum visitor. On the other hand, individual preferences are also taken into account to adapt the visit according to the personal cultural awareness of the visitor. We use operations research to solve a routing optimization problem, aiming at finding a visit tour with time constraints and maximization of the visitor satisfaction. Depending on the instance size and the problem scale, an integer linear programming (ILP) model and a greedy algorithm are proposed to recommend personalized visit tours and applied on two museums: ‘Musée de l’Orangerie’ in Paris and ‘National Gallery’ in London. The obtained results show that it is possible to recommend a good tour to visitors of an art museum by taking into account the common prestige of the exhibits and the individual interests, joining automatic text summarization and routing optimization in a limited geographical space.     

现场大尺度摩擦实验中观测到的断层泥中的塑性变形波

本文介绍了在断层区的岩体中进行的现场大尺度摩擦实验。实验的目的是探索地壳中变形波的存在。实验结果表明,在加载时断层泥屈服时间不一致,加载一端的断层泥先屈服,然后屈服范围逐步扩大,此过程相应于塑性变形波在断层泥中的传播。实验测得试件中塑性变形波波速约为2—3 cm/min,实际相当于10—16km/year。     

A model to assess fundamental and realized carrying capacities of island ecosystem: A case study in the southern Miaodao Archipelago of China

Research on carrying capacity, aiming at maintaining the limited ability of the Earth's life supporting system to sustain human development, requires a comprehensive and ecosystem-based approach to monitor and assess the localized sustainability of coupled social and ecological systems. A definition termed the ecosystem-based carrying capacity of island (EBCCI) was developed in this paper of which the indices of fundamental and realized carrying capacities of island (FCCI and RCCI) were highlighted to emphasize the inter-dependencies between social systems and ecological systems. In order to avoid the difficulties and uncertainties of direct assessment, the related assessment model was established on the basis of synthetic evaluation of inherent and external factors affecting the EBCCI. The southern Miaodao Archipelago (SMA) located in the intersection of the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea, China, was taken as a typical example to acquire integrated recognition of the island ecosystem and its carrying capacity so as to discuss its sustainable development. The index scores of FCCI and RCCI in the SMA were 0.818 5 and 0.712 9 out of 1.0, respectively, with acceptable uncertainties. The results showed a relatively well capacity to sustain progress and relatively well realization of the carrying capacity of island ecosystem, owing to a well capacity of ecologically regulating, general performance of both ecologically supporting and resource provisioning, and a relatively high level of social supporting system. The study implied that it was critical to optimize the inter-dependencies and to sustain the relative balance between social systems and ecological systems so as to improve the RCCI and further facilitate the sustainability of SMA. The approach proposed in this paper provides a powerful tool which is well applicative to the regional level of an oceanic island or archipelago to study the sustainable development and can be further popularized to the coastal zone.     

江苏沿江地区一次强冰雹天气的中尺度特征分析

利用常规气象资料、卫星、多普勒天气雷达、风廓线雷达等资料,对发生在江苏沿江地区一次强冰雹天气形势背景、环境热动力条件、强冰雹发生前地区环境场变化、超级单体雷达回波中尺度特征等进行了详细分析。结果表明:(1)在东北冷涡槽后干冷气流影响下,中高层干冷、低层暖湿的不稳定层结,高低空急流以及地面辐合系统的配置为此次强对流天气的产生提供了有利热动力条件;高CAPE值、逆温层、低层适当水汽条件及较强的深层垂直风切变有利于强冰雹天气的发生。(2)利用多普勒天气雷达、风廓线仪数据反演垂直分布的物理量场(平均散度、平均垂直速度、相对风暴螺旋度、垂直风切变)能够反映本站上空环境场的快速变化情况:强对流系统移入本站前雷达站上空逐渐调整为低层辐合、中高层辐散的风场配置结构,螺旋度和垂直风切变数值逐渐增加,表明环境场有利于强对流系统的维持发展。(3)强降雹超级单体除具有三体散射现象、入流缺口等雷达回波中尺度特征外,持久深厚的中气旋存在造成了显著的有界弱回波区和高悬垂强回波区。应用双多普勒雷达风场反演技术揭示了超级单体内部环流结构:低层气旋性旋转,中层旋转加强,高层风场辐散。超级单体内部涡旋特征的出现和维持有利于支撑空中大冰雹的增长。     

基于切片点云中心的形变监测

针对建筑物特征表面的特性,提出基于横断面的切片点云中心的变形监测方法,利用建筑物的某个侧面点云作为约束面,建立约束面和用于提取切片基准面之间的关系,根据基准面与特征表面点云法向量之间的关系模型,确定最佳基准面搜索方法。利用得到的基准面逐层地确定切片点云,对每个切片点云进行分区段重心的求取,通过计算整个区段重心的中心获取切片的重心。利用无变形的建筑物对点云精度进行评价,并将其用于指导隧道的变形监测。通过对比不同期切片重心的变化实现隧道的变形分析。     

台州市路桥区暴雨内涝淹没情景模拟分析

为了进一步研究利用水文水力学模型和GIS结合的多情景模拟方法进行洪涝灾害风险评估,该文以台州市路桥区为研究对象,首先选取路桥区典型雨量站长序列降雨资料,采用年最大值法取样,根据暴雨强度频率适线效果确定耿贝尔型分布曲线为其理论频率曲线,采用高斯-牛顿法推求暴雨强度总公式;然后基于GIS生成路桥区的真实地表格栅,进行两类汇水区的划分;最后概化排水管网系统,基于GIS并结合SWMM模拟出不同暴雨重现期的城市内涝结果;将其与调查后的路桥区历史涝情对比可知,计算模型和参数选取较准确,在城市暴雨内涝情景模拟方面有一定的应用价值。     

岩性和种植年限对火龙果地土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量特征的影响

以石漠化问题突出区域——广西平果县太平镇耶圩火龙果种植园不同岩性背景(白云岩、碎屑岩)和不同种植年限(1、3、5a)土壤为研究对象,采用相关性分析和冗余分析方法探讨了不同岩性背景和火龙果种植年限下土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量特征及其影响因素。结果表明：①白云岩区土壤全磷含量显著高于碎屑岩区,而土壤有机碳含量、生态化学计量比(C/N、C/P和N/P)显著低于碎屑岩区;且白云岩和碎屑岩背景下的生态化学计量比(5.96、11.78、1.96和8.71、19.78、2.28)均远低于全国水平。②随着火龙果种植年限的增加,土壤有机碳、全氮含量和C/N、C/P、N/P呈现出逐渐增加的趋势,而土壤有效氮、全磷和有效磷含量无显著变化规律。随着土层深度增加,土壤有机碳、全氮、有效氮含量和C/N、C/P、N/P均增加,而土壤全磷含量无明显变化规律。③土壤C/N和C/P与有机碳、有效氮均呈显著正相关(P<0.01),而与土壤水分、容重呈显著负相关,土壤N/P与全磷呈显著负相关。④冗余分析表明不同岩性背景和火龙果种植年限下土壤有效氮含量是土壤碳、氮、磷及其生态化学计量比的重要影响因子,且呈显著正相关关系(P<0.01)。白云岩背景下火龙果的生长受到氮元素的影响更大,长期火龙果种植有利于碳、氮元素固存,土壤有效氮含量是影响土壤碳、氮、磷及其生态化学计量比的关键因子。     

祁连山中东部青海云杉径向生长对气候变暖的响应差异

气候变暖对森林生态系统产生了深刻影响,而树木生长对气候变化做出了不同的响应。本研究利用采自祁连山中、东部不同海拔梯度的青海云杉（Picea crassifolia）树轮样本,分别建立了中部和东部6个树轮宽度年表,分析了树木径向生长与各气候要素的关系以及随时间变化的稳定性。结果表明：祁连山中部青海云杉对降水和scPDSI较东部更为敏感。中部树轮宽度年表与当年5—7月的scPDSI极显著正相关（P<0.001）,东部树轮宽度年表与前一年9月和当年5月scPDSI显著正相关,表明中部LCH区域青海云杉径向生长主要受当年5—7月土壤水分条件的限制;东部XYH区域则受前一年9月和当年5月的土壤水分的限制。20世纪80年代中东部温度显著升高（P<0.001）,中东部树木生长受高温引起的干旱胁迫增强;20世纪90年代以后,由于中部降水增加而东部降水变化不明显,中部树木生长干旱压力得到缓解,东部森林受干旱的限制作用增强。此外,中东部青海云杉与温度、降水和scPDSI的相关关系逐渐趋向一致,未来气候的持续变暖或许将减小中东部树轮-气候关系的差异。