跨越断层埋地管线地震反应研究述评

本文论述了跨越断层埋地管线地震反应研究工作概况,包括理论研究和实验研究的进展,并介绍了不同情况下采用的研究方法和建立的相应的研究模型,通过对数据结果进行整理分析,得出跨越断层埋地管线地震反应规律。同时,本文还对埋地管线研究中的一些重要参数对研究结果的影响作了详尽的阐述,提出了需进一步研究的问题和今后可能的研究发展方向。     

小口径割管器的设计与应用

某盐井施工时,在245．00—270．00m孔段有25m钻具被水泥固结,进行透孔作业时,扫至孔深250．60m时,扫孔用岩心管被扫落的钻杆接头碎块卡住拧断,透孔时发现孔内遗留3．2m断岩心管、钻头等物。根据钻孔结构与遗留钻具的特点．自行设计一种主要由活塞柱、割刀片和复位弹簧组成的小口径割管器,将水泥固结钻具割断,并将钻具和多种残留管材打捞出孔。从割断后打捞上来的钻杆分析,钻杆切割面光滑、平整,钻杆被完全切透,说明此种割管器设计合理,各部件动作有效。     

青海东昆仑哈陇休玛钼多金属矿床成矿流体特征及成矿模式

哈陇休玛钼多金属矿床是东昆仑成矿带东段目前仅有的中型斑岩型矿床。为了查明其成矿流体性质及成矿物质来源,构建矿床成矿模式,本文进行了详细的流体包裹体和H-O-S同位素研究。流体包裹体显微测温显示,哈陇休玛矿床发育气液两相和含CO₂三相两种类型包裹体,成矿流体呈现中高温(集中于280～340℃)、高盐度(w(NaCl),集中于6.00%～18.00%)和中等密度(集中于0.64～0.92 g/cm³)特点,成矿深度为2.4～4.1 km,形成于中浅成环境。H-O同位素显示,成矿流体具有岩浆水和大气降水混合的特征,但主体以岩浆水为主;S同位素显示,成矿物质主要来自于深部岩浆。结合区域构造演化认为,哈陇休玛矿床成矿模式为印支晚期东昆仑地区发生强烈壳幔混合作用,形成富含成矿元素的混合岩浆,含矿流体在随混合岩浆上升的过程中发生流体沸腾,并与大气降水混合冷却,导致成矿物理化学条件发生变化,促使成矿物质沉淀成矿。     

Three-dimensional analysis of ozone and PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> distributions obtained by observations of tethered balloon and unmanned aerial vehicle in Shanghai,China

A lightweight unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and a tethered balloon platform were jointly used to investigate three-dimensional distributions of ozone and PM_2.5 concentrations within the lower troposphere (1000 m) at a localized coastal area in Shanghai, China. Eight tethered balloon soundings and three UAV flights were conducted on May 25, 2016. Generalized additive models (GAMs) were used to quantitatively describe the relationships between air pollutants and other obtained parameters. Field observations showed that large variations were captured both in the vertical and horizontal distributions of ozone and PM_2.5 concentrations. Significant stratified layers of ozone and PM_2.5 concentrations as well as wind directions were observed throughout the day. Estimated bulk Richardson numbers indicate that the vertical mixing of air masses within the lower troposphere were heavily suppressed throughout the day, leading to much higher concentrations of ozone and PM_2.5 in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). The NO and NO₂ concentrations in the experimental field were much lower than that in the urban area of Shanghai and demonstrated totally different vertical distribution patterns from that of ozone and PM_2.5. This indicates that aged air masses of different sources were transported to the experimental field at different heights. Results derived from the GAMs showed that the aggregate impact of the selected variables for the vertical variations can explain 94.3% of the variance in ozone and 94.5% in PM_2.5. Air temperature, relative humidity and atmospheric pressure had the strongest effects on the variations of ozone and PM_2.5. As for the horizontal variations, the GAMs can explain 56.3% of the variance in ozone and 57.6% in PM_2.5. The strongest effect on ozone was related to air temperature, while PM_2.5 was related to relative humidity. The output of GAMs also implied that fine aerosol particles were in the stage of growth in the experimental field, which is different from ozone (aged air parcels of ozone). Geographical parameters influenced the horizontal variations of ozone and PM_2.5 concentrations by changing underlying surface types. The differences of thermodynamic properties between land and sea resulted in quick changes of PBL height, air temperature and dew point over the coastal area, which was linked to the extent of vertical mixing at different locations. The results of GAMs can be used to analyze the sources and formation mechanisms of ozone and PM_2.5 pollutions at a localized area.     

天文观测科学实践中心技术实现

天文观测科学实践中心是一个以天文观测为核心的网络实践体验中心,以网站的形式向公众提供服务。网站建设使用HTML、CSS、JavaScript和JSP/JaveBean等技术;基于B/S结构实现望远镜远程控制;采用Windows Media技术实现视频发布。建成的网站为用户提供了全新的天文观测实践体验机会,达到了传播天文知识的目的。     

南海夏季风爆发日期和强度的短期气候预测方法研究

利用合成及相关统计方法，研究冬季南海季风指数与850hPa风场、500hPa高度、海表温度、OLR等环境场的相互关系及其影响南海夏季风活动的可能机制。指出冬季南海季风指数及环境场的异常特征可以作为预测南海夏季风活动的前兆信号。在此基础上建立了预测南海夏季风爆发日期和强度的概念模型，1998－2001年的预测试验取得了较好成绩。     

藏南卡鲁雄峰枪勇冰川新冰期冰川发育探讨

山地冰川对气候变化响应敏感,全新世以来,冰川呈加速退缩趋势。冰川地貌是冰川变化最直接的证据。枪勇冰川发源于卡鲁雄峰,位于喜马拉雅山中段北坡雨影区,雅鲁藏布江以南,冰川末端在海拔5000 m附近,冰川面积约为6.63 km2。枪勇沟从外至内共保存有4期冰碛垄,其中以"大枪勇错"外侧的新冰期冰碛垄最为高大,终碛垄高约30 m,且形态清晰。文章基于野外观察及谷歌影像（Google Earth）上冰碛垄的分布范围,恢复并计算了新冰期时枪勇冰川面积约为10.0 km2,较现代冰川扩张了1.5倍。采用VOLTA模型计算了现代冰川的体积为0.21±0.04 km3,平均厚度约为31.7 m。基于纵剖线模型模拟了新冰期冰川表面高程,新冰期冰川平均厚度约为58.5 m,冰川体积约0.59±0.12 km3,是现代冰川体积的2.8倍,体积减小较面积退缩更为剧烈。利用积累区面积比率法（Accumulation Area Ratio Method,简称AAR）,采用AAR值为0.7±0.05,基于现代冰川表面高程和模拟的新冰期冰川表面高程,计算现代冰川和新冰期冰川的物质平衡线高度（Equilibrium Line Altitude,简称ELA）分别为5780±70 m和5660±100 m,新冰期时平衡线高度降低了约120 m。而不利用模型恢复新冰期表面高程时,平衡线降低值为240 m,可能高估约120 m。新冰期时,枪勇冰川扩张受区域降温控制,冰川前进可能是对4.2 ka冷事件的响应。冰碛垄形成时代和大枪勇错孢粉数据表明,冰川可能在2.5 ka左右已经退缩,2.2 ka时退缩加剧。     

Heterogeneous characteristics of streambed saturated hydraulic conductivity of the Touchet River,south eastern Washington,USA

Traditionally a streambed is treated as a layer of uniform thickness and low saturated hydraulic conductivity (K) in surface‐ and ground‐water studies. Recent findings have shown a high level of spatial heterogeneity within a streambed and such heterogeneity directly affects surface‐ and ground‐water exchange and can have ecological implications for biogeochemical transformations, nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and reproduction of gravel spawning fish. In this study a detailed field investigation of K was conducted in two selected sites in Touchet River, a typical salmon spawning stream in arid south eastern Washington, USA. In‐stream slug tests were conducted to determine K following the Bouwer and Rice method. For the upper and lower sites, each 50 m long and 9 m wide and roughly 20 m apart, a sampling grid of 5 m longitudinally and 3 m transversely was used. The slug tests were performed for each horizontal coordinate at 0·3–0·45, 0·6–0·75, 0·9–1·05 and 1·2–1·35 m depth intervals unless a shallower impenetrable obstruction was encountered. Additionally, water levels were measured to obtain vertical hydraulic gradient (VHG) between each two adjacent depth intervals. Results indicated that K ranged over three orders of magnitude at both the upper and lower sites and differed between the two sites. At the upper site, K did not differ significantly among different depth intervals based on nonparametric statistical tests for mean, median, and empirical cumulative distribution, but the spatial pattern of K varied among different depth intervals. At the lower site, K for the 0·3–0·45 m depth interval differed statistically from those at other depth intervals, and no similar spatial pattern was found among different depth intervals. Zones of upward and downward water flow based on VHG also varied among different depth intervals, reflecting the complexities of the water flow regime. Detailed characterization of the streambed as attempted in this study should be helpful in providing information on spatial variations of streambed hydraulic properties as well as surface‐ and ground‐water interaction. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

桶形基础沉贯室内模型试验研究

桶形基础采用负压沉贯法施工,其贯入阻力与压桩,打桩等施工方法显著不同。本文介绍了在粉土和粉质粘土地层中的一组模型试验情况,认为负压法施工可显著降低粉土的抗贯阻力,但在粉质粘土中减阻效果不明显。