基于MicroStation的地图符号库的制作

地形图符号是地图的语言,是空间信息的载体和传输工具.随着计算机技术和电子地图的广泛应用,传统的纸质地图生产方式正向数字制图的方式转变,现在地图的生产完全可以在计算机上进行.地图符号是一种专用的图解符号,它采用便于空间定位的形式来表示各种地物与现象的性质与相互关系.在1:500,1:1 000,1:2 000等大比例尺地形图中,地图的符号呈现多样性.许多的符号需要我们在作项目以前必须统一确定和完成符号的样式.本文主要介绍了在MicroStation图形编辑功能环境下如何制作地图符号.     

The black water around the Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary in the spring of 2003

The Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary is located in the East China Sea shelf with shallow water. Affected by the tide mixing and the runoff of the Changjiang River and the Qiantang River, the turbidity is very high. Generally, the water-leaving radiance is high in the turbid water because of the large particle scattering. Based on the in-situ data and ocean color remote sensing data of SeaWiFS, it was found that there was a black water region with the normalized water-leaving radiances less than 0.5 mW/(cm2·μm2·...     

2004 年夏初、秋末长江口外海区冲淡水及羽状锋的盐度特征

用国家海洋局东海环境监测中心2004年夏初（6月）和秋末（11月）对长江口外海区现场观测资料,用Matlab计算机编程语言对观测资料进行质量控制、插值网格化,绘制研究海区盐度立体分布图,显示夏初、秋末两季的盐度分布特征。将2004年夏、秋两季长江口外海区冲淡水和羽状锋的分布与以往观测研究结果对比,可得：（1）长江口外海区冲淡水的盐度值主要在5—31之间,冲淡水前缘盐度锋面的盐度值为18—28;盐度值20—28的盐度锋面基本体现该海区羽状锋的特征及变化。（2）夏初长江口外海区冲淡水范围明显大于秋末,夏初该海区以冲淡水为主,秋末冲淡水的范围收缩,紧贴沿岸一带。相应地,夏初该海区羽状锋呈倾斜锋面,占据较大的海区;秋末则为垂直锋面,介于122．50°E-122．70°E海区。     

极端干旱荒漠区典型晴天大气热力边界层结构分析

利用极端干旱区敦煌野外观测试验资料,分析了极端干旱荒漠区夏季典型晴天位温、风速、比湿等主要物理要素的垂直结构特征及其地表热力和近地层大气运动特征的日变化规律。发现在极端干旱地区夏季晴天大气热力边界层结构十分独特。在夜间,贴地逆温层最低在900 m以上,最厚可以达到1 750 m,逆温层上面的残余层一般能达到4 000 m左右的高度。在白天,位温超绝热递减层高达1 000 m,超绝热递减层上面的混合层最高达3 700 m,混合层顶上还有大约450 m甚至更厚的夹卷层。当白天对流层发展达到残余层以后,混合层的发展明显加快。风速和比湿垂直廓线特征很好地印证了大气热力边界层独特的结构特征,地表热力和近地层大气运动特征也为这种独特的大气热力边界层结构提供了较好的物理支持。     

不同饵料对植食性海水鱼——黄斑蓝子鱼的内脏器官特性及消化酶活性的影响

黄斑蓝子鱼（Siganus canaliculatus）是可养殖的少数植食性海水鱼之一。为进一步了解黄斑蓝子鱼的消化生理特征,以及将海藻更科学地应用于配合饲料中,本研究采用不同类型饵料：冰鲜杂鱼（Raw fish,RF）、配方饲料（Formulated diet,FD）、浒苔（Enteromorpha prolifra,EP）和龙须菜（Gracilaria lemaneiformis,GL）饲喂黄斑篮子鱼8周,分析鱼内脏特征及其消化酶活性的变化情况。研究结果显示：RF组和FD组鱼的肝体比和脏体比,以及EP组和GL组鱼的肠长比（Relative intestine length,RIL）,都显著高于其他组。此外,分析不同处理组鱼的肝和前肠组织形态结构,发现RF组肝细胞核被脂滴挤到细胞边缘,两海藻组前肠黏膜的皱褶程度最高。养殖前三周,鱼的消化酶活性变化波动明显,而之后消化酶活性趋于平稳。消化道的蛋白酶,脂肪酶和α-淀粉酶的水平分别随着日粮中蛋白质,脂肪和碳水化合物水平的变化而变化。虽然,海藻饵料显著降低了黄斑篮子鱼的胃蛋白酶活性,但是提高了机体RIL和前肠黏膜的皱褶程度以弥补其对胃蛋白酶的负面影响。以上结果表明黄斑蓝子鱼的消化系统可较好地适应不同类型的饵料,其适应时间大约为三周。因此,本研究结果也暗示黄斑蓝子鱼也具有一些杂食性鱼类的属性。     

Spatial Variations of b-Values in the Coastal Area of Guangdong

We used earthquake catalogs recorded by Guangdong Seismological Network from 2008 to 2014 to resolve the spatial variations of b-values in the coastal area of Guangdong, particularly in three key research areas(Yangjiang, Heyuan, and offshore Nanao Island) with strong seismicity. Our results revealed that b-values exhibited significant spatial variations, and zones with low b-values could indicate the most likely seismogenic area of large earthquakes. We observed three clear low b-value patches in the offshore Nanao Island. We found a distinct high b-value peak at the depth of 11 km and two minimum peaks at about 14 and 7–8 km in the Yangjiang area. The overall b-values generally decrease with depth in the Heyuan area. The spatial variations of b-values reflect tectonic anomalies; that is, the ‘low-high-low' distribution of b-values in the offshore Nanao Island and the Yangjiang area may indicate the anomaly of the crustal structure with a weak layer. The b-values of reservoir-induced seismicity are obviously lower than that induced by tectonism. This finding indicates that the reservoir area is generally at high stress state under the condition of high pore pressure. We inferred that large earthquakes might be prone to occur at 10–12 km depth in the offshore Nanao Island, at 12–15 km depth in the Yangjiang area, and at the lower part of the seismic activity zone in the Heyuan area. Moreover, the upstream area of the Xinfengjiang reservoir is the most likely area of future large earthquakes in the Heyuan area.     

On the Collision Nature of Two Coronal Mass Ejections: A Review

Observational and numerical studies have shown that the kinematic characteristics of two or more coronal mass ejections (CMEs) may change significantly after a CME collision. The collision of CMEs can have a different nature, i.e. inelastic, elastic, and superelastic processes, depending on their initial kinematic characteristics. In this article, we first review the existing definitions of collision types including Newton’s classical definition, the energy definition, Poisson’s definition, and Stronge’s definition, of which the first two were used in the studies of CME–CME collisions. Then, we review the recent research progresses on the nature of CME–CME collisions with the focus on which CME kinematic properties affect the collision nature. It is shown that observational analysis and numerical simulations can both yield an inelastic, perfectly inelastic, merging-like collision, or a high possibility of a superelastic collision. Meanwhile, previous studies based on a 3D collision picture suggested that a low approaching speed of two CMEs is favorable for a superelastic nature. Since CMEs are an expanding magnetized plasma structure, the CME collision process is quite complex, and we discuss this complexity. Moreover, the models used in both observational and numerical studies contain many limitations. All of the previous studies on collisions have not shown the separation of two colliding CMEs after a collision. Therefore the collision between CMEs cannot be considered as an ideal process in the context of a classical Newtonian definition. In addition, many factors are not considered in either observational analysis or numerical studies, e.g. CME-driven shocks and magnetic reconnections. Owing to the complexity of the CME collision process, a more detailed and in-depth observational analysis and simulation work are needed to fully understand the CME collision process.     

(2+1)维 Korteweg-de Vries 方程的传播孤子及混沌行为

利用一个投射方程和变量分离法,得到了(2+1)维 Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) 方程的新显式精确解.根据得到的孤立波解,构造出 KdV 方程的传播孤子结构. 利用一个新的混沌系统研究了孤子的混沌行为.     

海洋红树林植物木榄化学成分研究

采用多种柱层析方法从红树植物木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza(L.)Lam.)中分离获得9个单体成分,综合运用现代波谱技术鉴定了所有成分的化学结构,分别为格榄酮(I)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(II)、黄芪苷(III)、芦丁(IV)、3-O-甲基槲皮素(V)、羽扇豆醇(VI)、羽扇豆酮(VII)、蒲公英赛酮(VIII)和胡萝卜苷(IX),其中化合物II~V为首次从木榄属植物中分离得到。     

Ka波段毫米波云雷达对青藏高原东南缘降水回波的分析

利用丽江站新建的Ka波段毫米波云雷达获得的高时间分辨率的垂直观测资料,结合同址的地面自动气象站和雨滴谱的分钟数据、常规探空数据和附近C波段天气雷达的强度回波,分析了两次降水过程前后云雷达反射率因子Z、径向速度V_r、速度谱宽S_w的垂直变化规律。分析表明:在发生弱降水时,云雷达Z在垂直方向的变化不明显;但V_r、S_w值在0℃层稍低位置有一个明显的分界层(融化层),粒子通过融化层后V_r、S_w都是快速变大,这个变化主要是粒子的相态由固态变成液态引发的,可以通过V_r、S_w突变值的位置来识别0℃层亮带的高度。从C波段天气雷达回波强度、剖面图及云雷达位置的时间-高度图看,对毛毛雨和小雨的回波,强度和高度差异比较明显,毛毛雨比小雨回波高度低、强度弱,与云雷达相比C波段雷达对高一些的云观测不到,对距离较远的弱降水回波无法观测到;由于相同粒子对不同波长电磁波的散射不一样,造成两种雷达垂直方向观测到的Z变化不同。对比弱降水回波,云雷达在...