基于FTIR和MODIS数据估算新疆沙漠宽波段地表比辐射率

基于FTIR和MODIS数据,建立了新疆沙漠宽波段（8～13.5 μm）地表比辐射率的最优估算模型。首先,利用傅立叶变换热红外光谱仪观测的塔克拉玛干沙漠地表比辐射率光谱数据,结合同期MODIS温度/比辐射率产品MOD11A1的29、31和32波段比辐射率值和MOD09A1的第7波段反射率值,建立宽波段地表比辐射率估算模型,并分别采用观测数据和光谱库数据验证了模型的精度,估算结果的均方根误差分别为0.0041和0.0081。其次,选择最优估算模型,利用MODIS数据,估算了新疆4个沙漠的宽波段地表比辐射率,得到了沙漠地表比辐射率的空间分布特征。结果表明：塔克拉玛干沙漠和库鲁克库姆沙漠气候干燥稳定,地表比辐射率分布较为均匀,范围为0.850～0.915;古尔班通古特沙漠受到植被和地表水分的影响,比辐射率空间分布不均匀,范围为0.890～0.915;库木塔格沙漠的地表比辐射率分布与其羽状地表类似,范围为0.860～0.910。     

Interacting effects of multiple factors on the morphological evolution of the meandering reaches downstream the Three Gorges Dam

Elucidating the influence of dams on fluvial processes can inform river protection and basin management. However, relatively few studies have focused on how multiple factors interact to affect the morphological evolution of meandering reaches. Using hydrological and topographical data, we analyzed the factors that influence and regulate the meandering reaches downstream the Three Gorges Dam (TGD). Our conclusions are as follows. (1) The meandering reaches can be classified into two types based on their evolution during the pre-dam period: G1 reaches, characterized by convex point bar erosion and concave channel deposition (CECD), and G2 reaches, characterized by convex point bar deposition and concave channel erosion (CDCE). Both reach types exhibited CECD features during the post-dam period. (2) Flow processes and sediment transport are the factors that caused serious erosion of the low beaches located in the convex point bars. However, changes in the river regime, river boundaries and jacking of Dongting Lake do not act as primary controls on the morphological evolution of the meandering reaches. (3) Flood discharges ranging from 20,000 to 25,000 m³/s result in greater erosion of convex point bars. The point bars become scoured if the durations of these flows, which are close to bankfull discharge, exceed 20 days. In addition, the reduction in bedload causes the decreasing of point bar siltation in the water-falling period. (4) During the post-dam period, flood abatement, the increased duration of discharges ranging from 20,000 to 25,000 m³/s, and a significant reduction in sediment transport are the main factors that caused meandering reaches to show CECD features. Our results are relevant to other meandering reaches, where they can inform estimates of riverbed change, river management strategies and river protection.     

Experimental study on the vertical deformation of aquifer soils under conditions of withdrawing and recharging of groundwater in Tongchuan region,China

Land subsidence due to aquifer-system compaction accompanying groundwater extraction is a global hazard. Rising urban construction and groundwater demand necessitate increased awareness and better understanding of the geological problem. Motivated by the lack of laboratory-scale studies on this issue, an experimental investigation on the newly developed Tongchuan region, China, is presented. The study addresses the deformation behaviors of three soil samples, with the lithology of silty clay, silt, and fine sand, under the conditions of groundwater withdrawal and recharge using the GDS Consolidation Testing System. Results indicate that all three samples were characterized by elastic–plastic deformation under the conditions of withdrawing and recharging. The vertical deformation of the silty clay in the aquitard above the first confined aquifer was larger than those of the other two samples, and its deformation is a gradual and long process; thus, considerable attention should be paid to deformation in this aquitard due to the apparent creep effect and tiny rebound deformation. However, the settlement of the fine sand in the second confined aquifer cannot be ignored due to the great thickness of the aquifer. For the same soil, as the pore-water pressure declined, the unit rate of vertical deformation decreased gradually, whereas the creep effect of deformation in the later declining stage of pore-water pressure was more apparent than that in the former declining stage. These observations are highly important to the local government, which is developing measures to prevent and control subsidence.     

河南省济源盆地下侏罗统鞍腰组重力流沉积特征及其构造意义*

在详细野外剖面工作的基础上,通过岩性特征、沉积构造及沉积序列等的系统观察研究,发现济源盆地下侏罗统鞍腰组重力流沉积由滑塌沉积、砂质碎屑流沉积和浊流沉积构成。滑塌沉积以砂岩和泥岩的混杂、岩层的滑动变形以及泥岩呈碎块被卷入砂岩层中为特征;砂质碎屑流沉积常呈厚层块状,颗粒分选和磨圆较差,杂基较多,可见漂浮于层内的石灰岩砾石;常见的浊流沉积分为2种类型: 具有明显正粒序结构的浊流沉积和砂泥岩薄互层的浊流沉积,可用鲍马序列来描述。鞍腰组重力流沉积可划分为3个沉积序列: 序列A记录了滑塌沉积→砂质碎屑流沉积→浊流沉积→深湖沉积的转换过程;序列B表现为砂质碎屑流与浊流沉积的叠覆;序列C由浊流及湖泊沉积构成,并经历了由序列A→序列B→序列C的沉积演化过程。重力流的形成受秦岭造山带于早侏罗世沿三门峡—鲁山—舞阳断裂发生逆冲推覆作用的控制,其沉积演化指示了秦岭造山带造山作用由强到弱的过程。     

冰后期以来长江水下三角洲层序地层特征及沉积环境演化*

长江水下三角洲层序地层学研究有助于全面了解长江三角洲地层特征和沉积环境演化模式。通过对长江水下三角洲下切河谷区YD0901和YD0903孔岩心的详细沉积物粒度、特征元素比值(Cl/Ti和Zr/Rb)、沉积相对比分析,恢复了冰后期以来长江水下三角洲层序地层格架。研究区冰后期以来自下而上依次出现河流相、潮汐河流相、河口湾相、浅海相和三角洲相的沉积相序。末次冰期海平面下降,古长江形成下切河谷,古河间地发育硬黏土层,构成五级Ⅰ型层序界面。之后海平面回升,分别于15 cal ka BP和8.0 cal ka BP形成最大海退和最大海侵界面,水下三角洲区域最大海侵发生时间略滞后于平原区,约为7.5 cal ka BP。据此3个层序界面将冰后期地层划分为低位体系域、海侵体系域和高位体系域。钻孔岩心记录揭示了14.8 cal ka BP海侵到达研究区;14.8~13 cal ka BP期间,受MWP-1A冰融水事件影响海平面快速上升,海岸线向陆推进速率可达71.9,km/ka;海退期间各钻孔沉积速率较低,直至2 cal ka BP开始,沉积速率明显增加。     

内蒙古维拉斯托锡多金属矿床含矿斑岩体钾长石斑晶的有序度及成因探讨

钾长石有序度及结构温度可以为探讨成矿物化条件等提供依据.为阐明本区钾长石的成因,通过对维拉斯托斑岩体中钾长石斑晶的红外光谱分析,其有序度为0.85~0.95,三斜度为0.7~0.9,测定的结构温度为547.17~578.36℃,表明钾长石斑晶为微斜长石.并探讨了钾长石的成因,认为它是热液蚀变的产物.     

塔河油田二区奥陶系优势储集体特征及控制因素

塔河油田二区奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏储集体类型由缝洞型、高能微孔隙型、压溶孔缝型组成。通过岩心薄片观察并结合地震、测井、录井和试油等资料,查明了受次生溶蚀作用控制的岩溶缝洞型、受高能沉积相带控制的微孔隙型和受压溶作用及白云化作用控制的压溶孔缝型储层的特征和分布,并且识别出溶蚀孔洞、溶蚀缝、构造缝、粒内孔、粒间孔、铸模孔、晶间孔、晶内孔、缝合线和微裂缝10种储集空间。实际上,上述储集体主要为高能沉积相带形成的颗粒灰岩演化而成,这些颗粒灰岩经过埋藏压实和胶结等作用形成了以次生微孔隙为主的微孔隙型储集体,经过压溶和白云岩化作用形成了受成岩演化控制的压溶孔缝型储集体,在塔北奥陶系岩溶期形成了岩溶缝洞型储集体。塔河油田二区南部受沉积相展布和成岩作用影响,颗粒灰岩和云斑状灰岩发育;北部古隆起风化剥蚀作用较强,发育大型溶洞储层;东部斜坡带古河流发育,溶蚀缝洞储层多沿古河道分布;西部受深大断裂控制,溶蚀孔洞沿断裂垂向发育。     

Carbon and oxygen isotopic constraints on paleoclimate and paleoelevation of the southwestern Qaidam basin,northern Tibetan Plateau

We investigate the growth of the northern Tibetan Plateau and associated climate change by applying oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions in Cenozoic strata in the southwestern Qaidam basin. The X-ray diffraction and isotopic studies reveal that the carbonate minerals are mainly authigenic and they do not preserve any evidence for detrital carbonate and diagenesis. The isotope data show large fluctuations in the δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values in the middle–late Eocene, indicating relatively warm and seasonal dry climate. The positive correlation of the δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values in the Oligocene and the positive shift of the δ¹³C values from the Eocene to Oligocene suggest that the climate changed to arid in the Oligocene. However, the δ¹⁸O values show negative shift, which is closely related to the global cooling event. During the Miocene, the δ¹³C values vary between –2‰ and –4‰, whereas the δ¹⁸O values show continuous negative shift. The mean δ¹⁸O values decrease from –8.5‰ in the early Miocene to –10.0‰ in the late Miocene. The stable isotope-based paleoaltimetry results suggest that the elevation of the southwestern Qaidam basin was approximately 1500 m in the middle–late Eocene and Oligocene. Subsequently, during Miocene the crustal uplift process started and the elevation reached approximately 2000 m in the early Miocene and 2500 m in the late Miocene, which suggests large-scale growth of the northern Tibet Plateau during the Miocene.     

An integrated technology for gas control and green mining in deep mines based on ultra-thin seam mining

With the increasing demand for coal resources, coal mining has gradually entered into the deep strata of coal seams. Although the increase in mining depth improves energy security, it is associated with severe hazards, especially coal and gas outburst. Protective seam mining is an efficient method for gas control and has been widely used in major coal-producing countries. However, studies on deep ultra-thin protective seam (thickness 0.1–1 m, average thickness 0.5 m) mining and its related problems have been rarely reported. Focusing on the challenges resulting from deep mining (mining depth >1100 m) and the research gap, a coal and gas co-exploitation technique, which combines the gas control technology and green mining (including coal preparation and backfilling), has been proposed in this work. Significant benefits have been achieved in the twelfth coal mine of the Pingdingshan coalfield (study area) following the implementation of this technique. The application of the gas control technology markedly improved the gas drainage efficiency, promoted increased gas utilization, and reduced the greenhouse gas emission, providing notable economic and environmental benefits. In addition, implementation of green mining improved the coal quality, relieved the burden of the transport system, and, in particular, effectively prevented surface subsidence, thus protecting the ecological environment of the mining area, which offered significant economic, environmental, and social benefits. The practice in the twelfth coal mine could be used as a valuable example for coal mines with similar geological conditions.     

城市公共自行车自愿碳减排机制初探——以北京市为例

公共自行车系统是待开发的交通自愿碳减排项目。本文采用CCER方法学中的“快速公交项目”,计算北京市2012年公共自行车系统自愿碳减排量,并估算收益。结果显示：北京市2012年公共自行车自愿碳减排量为43.95 t CO₂,出售可获得1538元的收益。同时估算得到北京市2015年公共自行车碳减排量为6874.5 t CO₂,出售可获得约24万的收益。因此,北京等交通需求膨胀的特大型城市,随着公共自行车系统的持续壮大发展,公共自行车运营企业的经济效益有望通过碳交易实现较大提升空间。