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881.
The determination of potential difference by the joint application of measured and synthetical gravity data: a case study in Hungary 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
In an elementary approach every geometrical height difference between the staff points of a levelling line should have a corresponding
average g value for the determination of potential difference in the Earth’s gravity field. In practice this condition requires as
many gravity data as the number of staff points if linear variation of g is assumed between them. Because of the expensive fieldwork, the necessary data should be supplied from different sources.
This study proposes an alternative solution, which is proved at a test bed located in the Mecsek Mountains, Southwest Hungary,
where a detailed gravity survey, as dense as the staff point density (~1 point/34 m), is available along a 4.3-km-long levelling
line. In the first part of the paper the effect of point density of gravity data on the accuracy of potential difference is
investigated. The average g value is simply derived from two neighbouring g measurements along the levelling line, which are incrementally decimated in the consecutive turns of processing. The results
show that the error of the potential difference between the endpoints of the line exceeds 0.1 mm in terms of length unit if
the sampling distance is greater than 2 km. Thereafter, a suitable method for the densification of the decimated g measurements is provided. It is based on forward gravity modelling utilising a high-resolution digital terrain model, the
normal gravity and the complete Bouguer anomalies. The test shows that the error is only in the order of 10−3mm even if the sampling distance of g measurements is 4 km. As a component of the error sources of levelling, the ambiguity of the levelled height difference which
is the Euclidean distance between the inclined equipotential surfaces is also investigated. Although its effect accumulated
along the test line is almost zero, it reaches 0.15 mm in a 1-km-long intermediate section of the line. 相似文献
882.
The diurnal cycle of the tropospheric zenith total delay (ZTD) is one of the most obvious signals for the various physical
processes relating to climate change on a short time scale. However, the observation of such ZTD oscillations on a global
scale with traditional techniques (e.g. radiosondes) is restricted due to limitations in spatial and temporal resolution.
Nowadays, the International GNSS Service (IGS) provides an important data source for investigating the diurnal and semidiurnal
cycles of ZTD and related climatic signals. In this paper, 10 years of ZTD data from 1997 to 2007 with a 2-hour temporal resolution
are derived from global positioning system (GPS) observations taken at 151 globally distributed IGS reference stations. These
time series are used to investigate diurnal and semidiurnal oscillations. Significant diurnal and semidiurnal oscillations
of ZTD are found for all GPS stations used in this study. The diurnal cycles (24 hours period) have amplitudes between 0.2
and 10.9 mm with an uncertainty of about 0.5 mm and the semidiurnal cycles (12 h period) have amplitudes between 0.1 and 4.3 mm
with an uncertainty of about 0.2 mm. The larger amplitudes of the diurnal and semidiurnal ZTD cycles are observed in the low-latitude
equatorial areas. The peak times of the diurnal cycles spread over the whole day, while the peak value of the semidiurnal
cycles occurs typically about local noon. These GPS-derived diurnal and semidiurnal ZTD signals are similar with the surface
pressure tides derived from surface synoptic pressure observations, indicating that atmospheric tides are the main driver
of the diurnal and semidiurnal ZTD variations. 相似文献
883.
Christopher Kotsakis 《Journal of Geodesy》2009,83(1):31-50
All gravity field functionals obtained from an Earth gravitational model (EGM) depend on the underlying terrestrial reference
frame (TRF), with respect to which the EGM’s spherical harmonic coefficients refer to. In order to maintain a coherent framework
for the comparison of current and future EGMs, it is thus important to investigate the consistency of their inherent TRFs,
especially when their use is intended for high precision studies. Following the methodology described in an earlier paper
by Kleusberg (1980), the similarity transformation parameters between the associated reference frames for several EGMs (including
the most recent CHAMP/GRACE models at the time of writing this paper) are estimated in the present study. Specifically, the
differences between the spherical harmonic coefficients for various pairs of EGMs are parameterized through a 3D-similarity
spatial transformation model that relates their underlying TRFs. From the least-squares adjustment of such a parametric model,
the origin, orientation and scale stability between the EGMs’ reference frames can be identified by estimating their corresponding
translation, rotation and scale factor parameters. Various aspects of the estimation procedure and its results are highlighted
in the paper, including data weighting schemes, the sensitivity of the results with respect to the selected harmonic spectral
band, the correlation structure and precision level of the estimated transformation parameters, the effect of the estimated
differences of the EGMs’ reference frames on their height anomaly signal, and the overall feasibility of Kleusberg’s formulae
for the assessment of TRF inconsistencies among global geopotential models. 相似文献
884.
Calibrating the GOCE accelerations with star sensor data and a global gravity field model 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A reliable and accurate gradiometer calibration is essential for the scientific return of the gravity field and steady-state
ocean circulation explorer (GOCE) mission. This paper describes a new method for external calibration of the GOCE gradiometer
accelerations. A global gravity field model in combination with star sensor quaternions is used to compute reference differential
accelerations, which may be used to estimate various combinations of gradiometer scale factors, internal gradiometer misalignments
and misalignments between star sensor and gradiometer. In many aspects, the new method is complementary to the GOCE in-flight
calibration. In contrast to the in-flight calibration, which requires a satellite-shaking phase, the new method uses data
from the nominal measurement phases. The results of a simulation study show that gradiometer scale factors can be estimated
on a weekly basis with accuracies better than 2 × 10−3 for the ultrasensitive and 10−2 for the less sensitive axes, which is compatible with the requirements of the gravity gradient error. Based on a 58-day data
set, scale factors are found that can reduce the errors of the in-flight-calibrated measurements. The elements of the complete
inverse calibration matrix, representing both the internal gradiometer misalignments and scale factors, can be estimated with
accuracies in general better than 10−3. 相似文献
885.
Lars E. Sjöberg 《Journal of Geodesy》2009,83(10):967-972
The topographic bias is defined as the error/bias committed by continuing the external gravity field inside the topographic
masses by a harmonic function. We study the topographic bias given by a digital terrain model defined by a spherical template,
and we show that the topographic bias is given only by the potential of an inner-zone cap, and it equals the bias of the Bouguer
shell, independent of the size of the cap. Then we study the effect on the real Earth by decomposing its topography into a
template, and we show also in this case that the topographic bias is that of the Bouguer shell, independent of the shape of
the terrain. Finally, we show that the topographic potential of the terrain at the geoid can be determined to any precision
by a Taylor expansion outside the Earth’s surface. The last statement is demonstrated by a Taylor expansion to fourth order. 相似文献
886.
Many regions around the world require improved gravimetric data bases to support very accurate geoid modeling for the modernization
of height systems using GPS. We present a simple yet effective method to assess gravity data requirements, particularly the
necessary resolution, for a desired precision in geoid computation. The approach is based on simulating high-resolution gravimetry
using a topography-correlated model that is adjusted to be consistent with an existing network of gravity data. Analysis of
these adjusted, simulated data through Stokes’s integral indicates where existing gravity data must be supplemented by new
surveys in order to achieve an acceptable level of omission error in the geoid undulation. The simulated model can equally
be used to analyze commission error, as well as model error and data inconsistencies to a limited extent. The proposed method
is applied to South Korea and shows clearly where existing gravity data are too scarce for precise geoid computation. 相似文献
887.
It is well known that high-leverage observations significantly affect the estimation of parameters. In geodetic literature,
mainly redundancy numbers are used for the detection of single high-leverage observations or of single redundant observations. In this paper a further objective method for the detection of groups of important and less important (and thus redundant) observations is developed. In addition, the parameters which are predominantly
affected by these groups of observations are identified. This method thus complements other diagnostics tools, such as, e.g.,
multiple row diagnostics methods as described in statistical literature (see, e.g., Belsley et al. in Regression diagnostics:
identifying influential data and sources of collinearity. Wiley, New York, 1980). The method proposed in this paper is based
on geometric aspects of adjustment theory and uses the singular value decomposition of the design matrix of an adjustment
problem together with cluster analysis methods for regression diagnostics. It can be applied to any geodetic adjustment problem
and can be used for the detection of (groups of) observations that significantly affect the estimated parameters or that are
of negligible impact. One of the advantages of the proposed method is the improvement of the reliability of observation plans
and thus the reduction of the impact of individual observations (and outliers) on the estimated parameters. This is of particular importance for the very long baseline interferometry
technique which serves as an application example of the regression diagnostics tool. 相似文献
888.
The Upper Quaternary seismic stratigraphy and active faults of the Gulf of İzmit were investigated by means of high-resolution
shallow seismic profiling data in the source region of 1999 İzmit earthquake. High-resolution seismic reflection data correlated
with borehole data indicate that the stratigraphy of İzmit Bay consists of three distinct depositional sequences formed in
response to middle Pleistocene-Holocene sea-level changes. Reflector R, separating the pre-Holocene sequences (1 and 2) from
the Holocene sequence (3), represents an erosional unconformity produced by the subaerial fluvial erosion of the continental
shelves at the time of the last glacial maximum. Occasional, anomalous reflections (acoustic turbidity) observed within the
Holocene sequence are interpreted as gas accumulations. The maximum thickness of the Holocene sediments is found to be about
25 m. The isopach map of Holocene sediment implies that the thickness of the Holocene decreases from the east towards the
central and western basins of İzmit Bay. Two distinct fault systems are interpreted in İzmit Bay. The main fault system extending
roughly in an E-W direction along the Gulf of İzmit is an active right lateral strike slip fault with a normal component.
The secondary faults are normal faults striking in different directions and these are identified as being both active and
inactive. In addition, prominent compressive features are identified in the seismic cross-sections of some profiles acquired
to the east of Hersek Peninsula where the focal mechanisms of the aftershocks of the 1999 İzmit earthquake also reveal predominantly
reverse faulting mechanisms, as identified by a local dense seismic network. 相似文献
889.
Dissolved and particulate concentrations of silver in Tokyo Bay estuarine waters and Japanese rivers were determined in this
study. The dissolved silver concentrations in the surface water of Tokyo Bay range from 5.9 to 15.1 pmol kg−1, which is comparable to those in the surface water of the Japan Sea, but two or three times higher than those in the surface
water of the open ocean. However, elevated concentrations of dissolved silver are not found in Tokyo Bay compared with those
in other highly urbanized estuaries, such as San Francisco Bay (20∼243 pmol kg−1). In the Tokyo Bay estuary, silver typically exhibits non-conservative mixing behavior, which is a common feature in the
other estuaries reported previously. Dissolved silver concentrations decrease with salinity from the rivers to the mouth of
Tokyo Bay. Silver is efficiently scavenged by suspended particulates, as evidenced by the high conditional distribution coefficients
for silver throughout the estuary (log Kd > 5.0 ± 0.6). The silver fluxes into Tokyo Bay via inflowing rivers and atmospheric deposition were estimated as 83 kg y−1 and 15 kg y−1, respectively. A simple budget calculation shows that the silver supplied from rivers and atmosphere must be rapidly scavenged
within the Tokyo Bay estuary. 相似文献
890.
Nondimensionalization of variables enables us to treat experiment data much more simply and efficiently by decreasing the
number of variables. In some cases, trivial conclusions (which Kenney, 1982, called spurious self-correlation) result from
a formal application of dimensional analyses. In contrast, in some cases fully significant conclusions can be derived. We
first discuss how to construct nondimensional variables retaining the physical meanings of variables. We then propose simple
and efficient methods, especially the use of “spurious triangle (SpT)”, to discriminate between significant conclusions and
spurious self-correlations in the analysis of nondimensionalized variables. 相似文献