COSEISMIC SURFACE RUPTURES AND SEISMOGENIC MUJI FAULT OF THE 25 NOVEMBER 2016 ARKETAO MW6.6 EARTHQUAKE IN NORTHERN PAMIR

The M_W6.6 Arketao earthquake,which occurred at 14:24:30 UTC 25 November 2016 was the largest earthquake to strike the sparsely inhabited Muji Basin of the Kongur extension system in the eastern Pamir since the M 7 1895 Tashkurgan earthquake.The preliminary field work,sentinel-1A radar interferometry,and relocated hypocenters of earthquake sequences show that the earthquake consists of at least two sub-events and ruptured at least 77km long of the active Muji dextral-slip fault,and the rupture from this right-lateral earthquake propagated mostly unilaterally to the east and up-dip.Tectonic surface rupture with dextral slip of up to 20cm was observed on two tens-meter long segments near the CENC epicenter and 32.6km to the east along the Muji Fault,the later was along a previously existing strand of the Holocene Muji fault scarps.Focal mechanisms are consistent with right-lateral motion along a plane striking 107°,dipping 76° to the south,with a rake of 174°.This plane is compatible with the observed tectonic surface rupture.More than 388 aftershocks were detected and located using a double-difference technique.The mainshock is relocated at the Muji Fault with a depth of 9.3km.The relocated hypocenters of the 2016 Arketao earthquake sequence showed a more than 85km long,less than 8km wide,and 5~13km deep,NWW trending streak of seismicity to the south of the Muji Fault.The focal mechanism and mapping of the surface rupture helped to document the south-dipping fault plane of the mainshock.The listric Muji Fault is outlined by the well-resolved south-dipping streak of seismicity.The 2016 Arketao M_W6.6 and 2015 Murghob M_W7.2 earthquakes highlight the importance role of strike-slip faulting in accommodating both east-west extensional and north-south compressional forces in the Pamir interior,and demonstrate that the present-day stress and deformation patterns in the northern Pamir plateau are dominant by east-west extension in the shallow upper crust.     

RELOCATION OF MAIN SHOCK AND AFTERSHOCKS OF THE 2014 YINGJIANG MS5.6 AND MS6.1 EARTHQUAKES IN YUNNAN

Yingjiang area is located in the China-Burma border,the Sudian-Xima arc tectonic belt,which lies in the collision zone between the Indian and Eurasian plates.The Yingjiang earthquake occurring on May 30th,2014 is the only event above M_S6.0 in this region since seismicity can be recorded.In this study,we relocated the Yingjiang M_S5.6 and M_S6.1 earthquake sequences by using the double-difference method.The results show that two main shocks are located in the east of the Kachang-Dazhuzhai Fault,the northern segment of the Sudian-Xima Fault.Compared with the Yingjiang M_S5.6 earthquake,the Yingjiang M_S6.1 earthquake is nearer to the Kachang-Dazhuzhai Fault.The aftershocks of the two earthquakes are distributed along the strike direction of the Kachang-Dazhuzhai Fault (NNE).The rupture zone of the main shock of Yingjiang M_S6.1 earthquake extends northward approximately 5km.The aftershocks of two earthquakes are mainly located in the eastern side of the Kachang-Dazhuzhai Fault with a significant asymmetry along the fault,which differ from the characteristics of the aftershock distribution of the strike-slip earthquake.It may indicate that the Yingjiang earthquakes are conjugate rupture earthquakes.The non-double-couple components are relatively high in the moment tensor.We speculate that the Yingjiang earthquakes are related to the fractured zone caused by the long-term seismic activity and heat effect in the deep between Kachang-Dazhuzhai Fault and its neighboring secondary faults.Aftershock distribution of the Yingjiang M_S6.1 earthquake on the southern area crosses a secondary fault on the right of the Kachang-Dazhuzhai Fault,suggesting that the coseismic rupture of the secondary fault may be triggered by the dynamic stress of the main shock.     

Electrical conductivity of hydrous silicate melts and aqueous fluids: Measurement and applications

The combination of magnetotelluric survey and laboratory measurements of electrical conductivity is a powerful approach for exploring the conditions of Earth’s deep interior. Electrical conductivity of hydrous silicate melts and aqueous fluids is sensitive to composition, temperature, and pressure, making it useful for understanding partial melting and fluid activity at great depths. This study presents a review on the experimental studies of electrical conductivity of silicate melts and aqueous fluids, and introduces some important applications of experimental results. For silicate melts, electrical conductivity increases with increasing temperature but decreases with pressure. With a similar Na⁺ concentration, along the calc-alkaline series electrical conductivity generally increases from basaltic to rhyolitic melt, accompanied by a decreasing activation enthalpy. Electrical conductivity of silicate melts is strongly enhanced with the incorporation of water due to promoted cation mobility. For aqueous fluids, research is focused on dilute electrolyte solutions. Electrical conductivity typically first increases and then decreases with increasing temperature, and increases with pressure before approaching a plateau value. The dissociation constant of electrolyte can be derived from conductivity data. To develop generally applicable quantitative models of electrical conductivity of melt/fluid addressing the dependences on temperature, pressure, and composition, it requires more electrical conductivity measurements of representative systems to be implemented in an extensive P-T range using up-to-date methods.     

Identifying storm-induced wave origins using SAR wave mode data

Because of weak dissipation effects, swells generated by fierce storms can propagate across an entire ocean basin; therefore, observing swell generation and decay and retrieving storm characteristics from a swell by satellite remote sensing are possible. In this study, based on the dispersion relation and geometrical optics principle, we used SAR wave mode data from 2003 to 2010 provided by GlobWave to track swells with peak wavelengths of more than 300 m to locate a storm-generated far-traveling swell and present the swell field related to this “static” origin. Through a comparison with ECMWF wind datasets, we conducted validations and explored some conditions that cause misjudgments in swell origins. Finally, we obtained the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of satellite-observed swell origins (i.e., the fierce wind condition) and their evolution. This work can be used as a reference for wave models, providing early swell warnings, determining air-sea surface interactions, and determining global climate change.     

隧道开挖对下伏水平薄煤层采空区地层的扰动及衬砌受荷特征

为探明下伏薄煤层采空区地层中隧道施工对地层的扰动以及衬砌结构受荷特性,采用离散元颗粒流软件,从细观角度对隧道开挖引起的地层应力变化特性进行了模拟分析,同时在室内开展模型试验量测了下伏煤层采空区地层隧道衬砌背后土压力以及二次衬砌结构内力（轴力、弯矩）,分析了特定围压下间距对土压力和二次衬砌受力的影响。结果表明,下伏煤层采空区地层因隧道开挖引起的围岩松动区呈“O”形分布,隧道下伏围岩颗粒接触力反而小于隧道上覆围岩;洞周允许位移越大,颗粒接触力链间断区域越大;间距越小,颗粒接触力链间断区域越大,当间距大于2.0D（D为隧道跨度）时,下伏采空区对隧道围岩颗粒接触力影响逐渐消失,降低了地基反力,间距越小,降低程度越高;二次衬砌内力分布有一定的离散性,二次衬砌裂缝最先出现在拱底,是隧道主体结构的薄弱环节。     

西南地区石漠化分布、演变特征及影响因素

根据中国西南岩溶区1999—2008年石漠化遥感调查结果,研究了该区石漠化发生现状和近十年间石漠化在区域、岩性、地貌及区域经济等方面的演变特征,并对发生石漠化的影响因素进行分析。结果显示,石漠化集中分布在滇、黔、桂三省区;石漠化的发生与岩性和地貌密切相关,其中纯碳酸盐岩中石漠化发生率高于杂碳酸盐岩,并随灰岩或碳酸盐岩含量减少而降低,而地形高差相对大的峰丛洼地、峰林洼地石漠化发生率最高,并随地貌相对高差变小而降低。石漠化发生程度与岩性、地貌关系表现多样,纯碳酸盐岩中轻度石漠化比例高于中度和重度石漠化之和的比例,杂碳酸盐岩中中度和重度石漠化之和的比例高于轻度石漠化比例;在峰林洼地、峰林/缓丘平原中轻度石漠化比例高于中度和重度石漠化之和的比例,缓丘台地和丘陵谷地中中度和重度石漠化之和的比例高于轻度石漠化,是岩溶构造演化与人类活动共同制约的结果。从1999年到2008年间,该区石漠化已经呈现转轻趋势,主要表现在总面积减少,石漠化程度减轻;石漠化演变过程中发生在不同岩性和地貌中改善或恶化发生率的变化趋势与上述石漠化的发生规律相似。石漠化还不同程度地影响居民的生活水平,调查显示,严重石漠化县域内石漠化面积与农民人均纯收入、人均生产总值等呈负相关,县域内石漠化面积是影响农民人均纯收入,乃至人均生产总值最重要的因素。因此,石漠化调查结果显示,研究区石漠化呈向好趋势,但是治理难点依然存在。     

基于逐减随机震源采样法的频率域二维黏滞声波方程全波形反演

全波形反演方法利用叠前地震波场的运动学和动力学信息重建地下速度结构,具有揭示复杂地质背景下构造与岩性细节信息的潜力。然而,巨大的计算量是阻碍其发展的一个瓶颈问题。为此,研究者们提出了震源编码技术来减少计算量,但是此方法在模型更新过程中会引进随机串扰噪声,降低反演结果准确性。所以,在保证计算精度的情况下,本文提出了采用逐减随机震源采样的方法来高效计算全波形反演问题。笔者将此方法应用于频率域二维黏滞声波波动方程全波形反演,开始了在频率域进行随机震源采样类方法的研究,计算过程中共使用了依次增大的8个频率段;并应用Overthrust模型来验证此类随机震源采样法的正确性。实验结果表明：基于逐减随机震源采样法的反演结果与实际Overthrust模型的拟合误差为0.065 65,而应用基于全部震源的全波形反演方法得到的反演结果与实际Overthrust模型的拟合误差为0.064 64,两者差别不大;但计算用时由740 min减少到291.2 min,即计算效率提高了2.54倍。为了更好地确定方法的有效性,将其应用于Marmousi模型进行试算。模型试算结果表明：基于逐减随机震源和基于全部震源得到的反演结果与实际Marmousi模型的拟合误差分别为0.080 12和0.078 97,相差不大;但计算用时由1 218.9 min减少到274.4 min,计算效率提高了4.44倍。综上,在保证反演精度的情况下,基于逐减随机震源采样法的频率域全波形反演方法大大减少了计算量,具有不可替代的计算优势,并且没有引进随机串扰噪声。     

基于结构化场景的单幅图像建筑物三维重建

针对无法利用激光扫描或多张图像实现三维重建的已损或不复存在的建筑,本文提出了一种基于结构化场景的单张图像建筑物三维重建方法。该方法先基于RANSAC算法及最小距离法分别解算灭点直线和灭点;然后基于平行平面、包含平行信息的任意平面和包含垂直信息的任意平面的平面模型解算三维坐标。本文以现存某高校图书馆为例,重建了三维模型,并分析了模型精度。结果表明,重建误差最小为0,最大为5.8%,模型整体精度在1.9%左右,符合三维重建精度要求。在四川省白鹿领报修院教堂的三维重建应用中,建立了已损建筑物的三维模型,获得了较好的重建效果。该方法适用于包含平行、垂直、灭点和平面结构的建筑物场景,可得到建筑物三维几何线框模型,几何细节采用纹理映射替代,可应用于现存建筑和文化遗存遗址的三维重建。     

基于IC卡综合换乘信息的公交乘客上车站点推算

现有研究在缺少公交车运营信息的情况下,利用公交线间正交换乘信息的方法来识别公交车持卡乘客的上车站点,但在实际运用中很多班次无正交换乘的乘客,容易导致公交乘客上车站点匹配困难。因此,本文提出了一种基于IC卡综合换乘信息的公交乘客上车站点推算方法,该方法充分利用IC卡数据中的综合换乘信息（公交线间的正交和非正交换乘信息、地铁和公交线间的换乘信息）与公交网数据确定班次行驶方向,对班次内的乘客进行分组,充分利用综合换乘信息确定基准组及其对应的上车站点;然后,通过最小偏差规则匹配待定组的上车站点,实现公交乘客上车站点的推估。利用换乘信息确定班次行驶方向弥补了现有研究无法确定班次行驶方向的不足,使公交乘客上车站点推算方法更科学;最后,基于2011年8月的“深圳通”IC卡数据进行实例分析,对比只利用正交换乘信息确定的基准组数量和利用综合换乘信息确定的基准组数量,结果表明：该方法可使确定上车站点的组数占总组数的比值提高,克服了只利用正交换乘信息推算上车站点方法中存在的单个班次无基准组从而无法进行站点匹配的困难。本文方法比只利用正交换乘信息匹配站点,具有更高的可行性与准确率。     

宜川-泰安剖面重力异常与构造意义

利用宜川-泰安剖面高精度重力观测和GPS数据测量结果,对观测数据进行各项改正和处理,得到剖面的布格重力异常,并采用高斯低通滤波获得剩余重力异常。以诸城-宜川深地震测深（DSS）速度剖面为约束,对沿该剖面得到的高精度布格重力异常数据进行拟合,获得剖面地壳密度结构。结果表明,趋势异常主要反映该剖面地壳厚度的变化,太行山重力梯级带是地壳厚度的陡变带。结合前人相关研究,对剩余重力异常结合剖面经过的隆起、凹陷等地质问题进行讨论,进一步揭示出,剩余重力异常主要反映浅部地质构造和低密度地质体,剩余重力异常与地质构造不仅具有良好的对应关系, 而且其幅值能体现地质体的基本特征,比布格重力异常反映得更清晰、更细致。