方向后交最佳点位分析

推导出方向后交点住精度的显函数公式;用解析法导出对称交会时最佳交会角和最佳点精度;用无约束最优化共轭梯度法,求出一般情况下方向后交最佳交会角和点位精度;求出同一三角形三个内角分别作顶角进行后交定位的最佳点位,得出三角形内只有一个最佳点位的结论,给出一种选择近似最佳点位的方法.     

Tectonic transition from the Songpan-Garzê Fold Belt to the Sichuan Basin, south-western China

The formation of the Songpan-Garzê Fold Belt and the initiation of the terrestrial Sichuan Basin are related to closing of the Palaeo-Tethys during the Late Triassic Indosinian orogeny. The Songpan-Garzê Fold Belt is composed of Triassic (T₁-_-T²₃) turbiditic deposits and Palaeozoic greywacke-shale, whereas the Sichuan Basin consists of Sinian to middle Upper Triassic (T²₃) platform carbonates and Upper Triassic (T_3X to Quaternary terrestrial elastics. Three principal deformation episodes during the Late Triassic (Norian to Rhaetian) were progressively localized towards the south-eastern margin of the fold belt. D₁ was a SW-directed shortening event, related to continuous subduction of the Palaeo-Tethys, and produced NW-trending structures. Differential strain between the fold belt and the Sichuan Basin was accommodated by sinistral shearing along a NE-trending transitional zone during D₂^. D₃ SE-directed compression was the result of collision between the Cimmerian and Eurasian Continents and initiated the Longmen Mountains Thrust-Nappe Belt and terrestrial Sichuan Basin. Post-D₃ deformation, related to SE-directed thrusting in the Longmen Mountains, then propagated from hinterland to foreland. The Indosinian orogeny closed the Palaeo-Tethys and terminated the marine conditions that dominated the early evolution of the intracratonic Sichuan Basin. Tectonic loading from the exhumed fold belt and Thrust-Nappe Belt induced substantial subsidence in the Sichuan Basin, especially in the Western Sichuan Foreland Basin, resulting in the deposition of a terrestrial clastic sequence during Late Triassic (T_3X to Quaternary times. The foreland basin history comprises an early stage during the Late Triassic (T_3x^1–2), an over-fill stage during the latest Triassic to Early Cretaceous (T_3X³- K_1J), and a shrinking stage from the Late Cretaceous to the Quaternary (K_2J-Q). These can be correlated with tectonic events in the Thrust-Nappe Belt.     

Features of isostatic gravity anomaly and seismic activity in the Central Asian region

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Microbial sulfate reduction and metal attenuation in pH 4 acid mine water

Sediments recovered from the flooded mine workings of the Penn Mine, a Cu-Zn mine abandoned since the early 1960s, were cultured for anaerobic bacteria over a range of pH (4.0 to 7.5). The molecular biology of sediments and cultures was studied to determine whether sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were active in moderately acidic conditions present in the underground mine workings. Here we document multiple, independent analyses and show evidence that sulfate reduction and associated metal attenuation are occurring in the pH-4 mine environment. Water-chemistry analyses of the mine water reveal: (1) preferential complexation and precipitation by H₂S of Cu and Cd, relative to Zn; (2) stable isotope ratios of ³⁴S/³²S and ¹⁸O/¹⁶O in dissolved SO₄ that are 2–3 ‰ heavier in the mine water, relative to those in surface waters; (3) reduction/oxidation conditions and dissolved gas concentrations consistent with conditions to support anaerobic processes such as sulfate reduction. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses of sediment show 1.5-micrometer, spherical ZnS precipitates. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analyses of Penn Mine sediment show a high biomass level with a moderately diverse community structure composed primarily of iron- and sulfate-reducing bacteria. Cultures of sediment from the mine produced dissolved sulfide at pH values near 7 and near 4, forming precipitates of either iron sulfide or elemental sulfur. DGGE coupled with sequence and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA gene segments showed populations of Desulfosporosinus and Desulfitobacterium in Penn Mine sediment and laboratory cultures.     

Hydrology on high: Assessing the effect of ski resort expansion and changing climate at the Mount Mansfield paired-catchment study in Vermont,USA

A paired-catchment study began in 2000 to assess the hydrologic effects of high-elevation development on Mt. Mansfield, Vermont's highest summit (1340 m). West Branch Little River drains 12.08 km² and encompasses a large ski resort. Adjacent Ranch Brook drains 9.83 km² of minimally disturbed second-growth forest. The two catchments have similar elevation, aspect, surficial and bedrock geology, and vegetation. The resort was well established before this study, but it underwent a major expansion during the period 2004–2008. The expansion included new ski lifts and trails, a large hotel, roads and second home development, a 435 000-m³ snowmaking storage pond and a nine-hole golf course, increasing the extent of cleared/open land from 17% to 24%. Runoff from the developed West Branch Little River catchment was 21% greater than Ranch Brook over the duration of the study, but varied widely each year from 10% to 42%. This high variability occurs both on the interannual and individual storm scales, and is consistent with expectations from future climate projections. Hydrologic variability is on the rise, as shown by an increase in stream flashiness in both catchments over the 20 years of our study. Resort expansion, which provided for stormwater management, had no discernible effect on the overall runoff difference nor the flow distribution at the scale of the catchments, but sedimentation, water quality impacts and localized erosion cannot be ruled out. Forest clearing, impervious and hardened surfaces, and skier-compacted and machine-made snow may all cause enhanced runoff. However, the greater runoff at West Branch, which occurs primarily during snowmelt and summer, may arise partly from greater precipitation capture in the complex mountain topography. Development pressure on the mountain landscape continues to mount, but managers may also need to consider the confounding effects of a changing climate.     

石油勘探用薄圆环压电换能器的瞬态特性分析

分析了石油勘探中采用的薄圆环压电换能器的瞬态响应，研究了它的等效电路并确定了电压激励信号与换能器瞬态振动之间的转换函数。利用留数定理，推导出了在两种类型电压信号激励下，薄圆环压电换能器声源函数的时域及频域的解析式，同时真实地表示了薄圆环压电换能器的实际声源函数。选择合适的压电材料和周围的耦合液体，可以改善发射声波信号的质量．在一定发射功率条件下，保持换能器的几何尺寸不变，降低换能器的共振频率，从而能增加声波测井仪的探测深度和随钻测量（ＭＷＤ）声纳导向系统的测量距离。     

高分辨V6系统在矿山顶板涌水隐患中的应用研究

V6系统是Canada Phoenix Geophysics Limited 2000年推出的最新产品,是目前可控源音频大地电磁测深(CSAMT)方法中功能最为强大的仪器之一.2001年3月利用V6仪器对某铁矿(440 × 300)m2的矿区进行了面积性CSAMT勘测.矿体上盘灰岩中的溶洞、断层、含水破碎带以及可能的与含水层的联系在成果图上反映的非常清晰,为矿山进行水隐患治理提供了一份明确的资料.     

离子色谱法同时测定嗜热厌氧菌发酵液中的有机酸与无机阴离子

建立了一种利用离子色谱法同时测定甲酸、乙酸、乳酸、丙酸、丁酸5种有机酸及PO4-3、SO4-2、NO3-、Cl-、F-5种无机阴离子的方法。样品通过过滤、预柱处理后用IonPac AS11柱分离,以自动淋洗液发生器生成的KOH为淋洗液进行梯度洗脱,建立了优化的洗脱程序。用抑制型电导检测器检测有机酸的相对标准偏差为0.73%~1.01%,加标回收率为88.1%~100.2%;无机阴离子的平均相对标准偏差为2.03%,加标回收率为92.6%~101.1%,该方法可用于嗜热厌氧菌发酵液中低分子的有机酸和无机阴离子的同时测定。     

全球油砂资源富集特征和成矿模式

对全球5 个重点油砂盆地的解剖研究及16 个油砂盆地成矿条件的初步研究,总结出全球油砂资源的富集特征、成矿主控因素和成矿模式。全球油砂资源集中分布在3 大成矿构造带、4 大成矿构造区、6 大成矿盆地及2 种类型成矿盆地,集中程度远高于常规油气。油砂资源富集是优质烃源岩、多旋回演化、氧化环境以及烃类降解机制综合作用的结果。根据不同的盆地类型、构造演化和构造位置,可将油砂成矿模式分为斜坡降解型、古油藏破坏型、构造抬升型和断裂疏导型。