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81.
The first World Atlas of the artificial night sky brightness 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
P. Cinzano F. Falchi C.D. Elvidge 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2001,328(3):689-707
We present the first World Atlas of the zenith artificial night sky brightness at sea level. Based on radiance-calibrated high-resolution DMSP satellite data and on accurate modelling of light propagation in the atmosphere, it provides a nearly global picture of how mankind is proceeding to envelop itself in a luminous fog. Comparing the Atlas with the United States Department of Energy (DOE) population density data base, we determined the fraction of population who are living under a sky of given brightness. About two-thirds of the World population and 99 per cent of the population in the United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) and European Union live in areas where the night sky is above the threshold set for polluted status. Assuming average eye functionality, about one-fifth of the World population, more than two-thirds of the United States population and more than one half of the European Union population have already lost naked eye visibility of the Milky Way. Finally, about one-tenth of the World population, more than 40 per cent of the United States population and one sixth of the European Union population no longer view the heavens with the eye adapted to night vision, because of the sky brightness. 相似文献
82.
Theoretical studies have shown the possibility of high-temperature ('high enthalpy') geothermal reservoirs in the pre-Tertiary rocks at 4–5 km depth range within the Pannonian Basin. This expectation was proven by the hotwater/steam blowout of Fábiánsebestyén-4 borehole (16.12.85–31.1.86). Exploration efforts carried out during 1987–88 in the broad vicinity of the borehole proved that reservoirs of this type can be found with the combination of seismic reflection, silica-thermometry and magnetotelluric sounding methods. Deliberate prospection should be continued in all suitable areas within the basin, since high enthalpy reservoirs promise profitable operation of geothermal power stations. 相似文献
83.
In this paper, two factors — the redistribution of the density and the variation in the angular velocity of the Earth rotation, that affect the adopted value of the flattening for equidensity surface within the Earth, are discussed. The computational results show that the contribution of the redistribution of the density in the Earth interior (especially in the core) on the change of the flattening at the core-mantle boundary (CMB) is marginal, and that the calculated value of the flattening at the CMB can be in good agreement with the VLBI observed value so long as the fact that the angular velocity of the Earth rotation has undergone the tidal evolution is taken into account. As a result, this paper presents a set of recommended values of the dynamical parameters of the Earth (see Table III) for computing Earth's forced nutation series. 相似文献
84.
R. G. Gratton G. Bonanno P. Bruno A. CalÍ R. U. Claudi R. Cosentino S. Desidera F. Diego G. Farisato G. Martorana M. Rebeschini S. Scuderi 《Experimental Astronomy》2001,12(2):107-143
SARG is a cross dispersed echelle spectrograph in operation since late spring 2000 at the Italian Telescopio Nazionale Galileo
(TNG) 3.5 m telescope, La Palma. SARG offers both single object and long slit (up to 26 arcsec) observing modes covering a
spectral range from λ = 0.37 up to1 μm, with resolution ranging from R = 29,000 up to R = 164,000. Cross dispersion is provided by means of a selection of four grisms; interference filters may be used for the
long slit mode (up to 26 arcsec). A dioptric camera images the cross dispersed spectra onto a mosaic of two 2048 × 4096 EEV
CCDs (pixel size: 13.5 μm) allowing complete spectral coverage at all resolving power for λ < 0.8 μm. In order to reach a
high wavelength calibration precision an iodine-absorbing cell is provided. A Distributed Active Temperature Control System
(DATCS) maintains constant the temperature of all spectrograph components at a preset value. Early results show that SARG
works according to original specifications in terms of wavelength coverage, efficiency (measured peak efficiency is about
13%),resolution (maximum resolution R = 164,000 using a 0.3 arcsec slit, R ∼144,000 using an image slicer), and stability (preliminary estimates of radial velocity accuracy is ∼3 m/s using the iodine
cell and ±150 m/s without the iodine cell).
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
85.
M. Bellazzini F.R. Ferraro E. Pancino † 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2001,327(1):L15-L20
We present wide-field multiband ( BVI ) CCD photometry (down to of the very low surface brightness dwarf spheroidal galaxy Sextans. In the derived colour–magnitude diagrams we find evidence suggesting the presence of multiple stellar populations in this dwarf spheroidal. In particular, we discover (i) a blue horizontal branch tail that appears to lie on a brighter sequence with respect to the prominent red horizontal branch and the RR Lyrae stars, very similar to what was found by Majewski et al. for the Sculptor dwarf spheroidal, (ii) hints of a bimodal distribution in colour of the red giant branch stars, (iii) a double red giant branch bump. All of these features suggest that (at least) two components are present in the old stellar population of this galaxy: the main one with and a minor component around . The similarity to the Sculptor case may indicate that multiple star formation episodes are also common in the most nearby dwarf spheroidals that ceased their star formation activity at very early epochs. 相似文献
86.
—?We present an attempt to compare modeled ground-motion acceleration fields with macroseismic observations. Two techniques for the representation of the observed intensities by isoseismals, a smoothing technique and one which visualizes the local uncertainty of an isoseismal, are tested with synthetic and observed data. We show how noise in the data and irregularities in the distribution of observation sites affect the resolution of the isoseismal's shape. In addition to “standard” elongated shapes, we identify cross-like patterns in the macroseismic observations for two Italian earthquakes of strike-slip type; similar patterns are displayed by the theoretical peak acceleration fields calculated assuming the point source models given in the literature. 相似文献
87.
D. Gerbal H.V. Capelato F. Durret G.B. Lima Neto I. Márquez 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2001,276(2-4):861-868
We suggest that elliptical galaxies, as stellar systems in a stage of quasi-equilibrium, may have a specific entropy. We use
the Sérsic law to describe the light profile. The specific entropy (the Boltzmann–Gibbs definition) is then calculated assuming
that the galaxy behaves as a spherical, isotropic, one-component system. We predict a relation between the three parameters
of the Sérsic law linked to the specific entropy, defining a surface in the parameter space, an ‘entropic plane’. We have
analysed a sample of simulated merging elliptical galaxies (virtual) and a sample of galaxies belonging to the Coma Cluster (real). Both virtual and realgalaxies are: 1) located in their own ‘entropic plane‘ and 2) in this plane, they are located on a straight line, indicating
constant entropy: another physical property A careful examination of the value of the specific entropy indicates a very small
increase in the specific entropy with the generation after merging (virtual sample). Although one cannot distinguish between various generations for real galaxies, the distribution of specific entropy in this sample is very similar to that in the virtual sample.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
88.
C.J. Mooney W.R.J. Rolleston F.P. Keenan P.L. Dufton D.L. Pollacco H.R. Magee 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2001,326(3):1101-1109
We present a model-atmosphere analysis for the bright ( V ∼13) star ZNG-1, in the globular cluster M10. From high-resolution ( R ∼40 000) optical spectra we confirm ZNG-1 to be a post-asymptotic giant branch (post-AGB) star. The derived atmospheric parameters are T eff =26 500±1000 K and log g =3.6±0.2 dex . A differential abundance analysis reveals a chemical composition typical of hot post-AGB objects, with ZNG-1 being generally metal poor, although helium is approximately solar. The most interesting feature is the large carbon underabundance of more than 1.3 dex. This carbon deficiency, along with an observed nitrogen enhancement relative to other elements, may suggest that ZNG-1 evolved off the AGB before the third dredge-up occurred. Also, iron depletions observed in other similar stars suggest that gas–dust fractionation in the AGB progenitor could be responsible for the observed composition of these objects. However, we need not invoke either scenario since the chemical composition of ZNG-1 is in good agreement with abundances found for a Population II star of the same metallicity. 相似文献
89.
R. T. Schilizzi W. Aldrich B. Anderson A. Bos R. M. Campbell J. Canaris R. Cappallo J. L. Casse A. Cattani J. Goodman H. J. van Langevelde A. Maccafferri R. Millenaar R. G. Noble F. Olnon S. M. Parsley C. Phillips S. V. Pogrebenko D. Smythe A. Szomoru H. Verkouter A. R. Whitney 《Experimental Astronomy》2001,12(1):49-67
90.
Steven J. Ostro Lance A. M. Benner Christopher Magri Jon D. Giorgini Randy Rose Raymond F. Jurgens Donald K. Yeomans Alice A. Hine Michael C. Nolan Daniel J. Scheeres Stephen B. Broschart Mikko Kaasalainen Jean‐Luc Margot 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2005,40(11):1563-1574
Abstract— We present June 2004 radar images of asteroid 25143 Itokawa (1998 SF36) that improve upon the longitude‐latitude coverage of images obtained in 2001 by Ostro et al. (2004) and use the 2001–2004 data to refine that paper's constraints on Itokawa's shape. The 2004 images, the first of the asteroid's southern side, look distinctly different from the 2001 images, revealing leading edges that are much more curved and rugged than the nearly convex leading edges seen at northern latitudes in 2001. Itokawa is shaped like a slightly asymmetrical, bent, lumpy ellipsoid with dimensions along the principal axes within 10% of 594 times 320 times 288 m. To illustrate the uncertainty space associated with shape reconstruction from images with suboptimal orientational coverage, we present two alternative three‐dimensional models of the object. 相似文献