污染源强度与雨量之间关系的研究

1.绪言在四十年代发现印地安纳州拉波特城(Laporte)年降水量的突然增加,是与芝加哥地区烟日和霾日天数的增加相对应的。这就引起了这样一种推测:空中的污染物质可能以某种方式使得拉波特的降水量增加。随后出现了一些讨论气溶胶与雨量关系的文章。人们把雨量的增加或减少,都归因于气溶胶浓度、     

Large-scale oil-in-ice experiment in the Barents Sea: monitoring of oil in water and MetOcean interactions

A large-scale field experiment took place in the marginal ice zone in the Barents Sea in May 2009. Fresh oil (7000 L) was released uncontained between the ice floes to study oil weathering and spreading in ice and surface water. A detailed monitoring of oil-in-water and ice interactions was performed throughout the six-day experiment. In addition, meteorological and oceanographic data were recorded for monitoring of the wind speed and direction, air temperature, currents and ice floe movements. The monitoring showed low concentrations of dissolved hydrocarbons and the predicted acute toxicity indicated that the acute toxicity was low. The ice field drifted nearly 80 km during the experimental period, and although the oil drifted with the ice, it remained contained between the ice floes.     

Transfer and distribution of lead in the asteroid Asterias rubens following ingestion of contaminated food: a radiotracer study

A radiotracer technique using 210Pb was applied to quantify the transfer and distribution of lead in the asteroid Asterias rubens following a single ingestion of radio-labelled mussels under controlled laboratory conditions. Approximately 50% of the 210Pb accumulated by mussels in their soft tissues from seawater was transferred to the asteroid through the food pathway resulting in a transfer factor less than unity. Loss kinetics of 210Pb in the asteroid were best described by a two-component exponential model. A. rubens eliminated 56% +/- 5% of the ingested 210Pb in a few days while the remaining fraction (42% +/- 5%), was absorbed and eliminated very slowly. Following ingestion, 210Pb was accumulated in the pyloric caeca and the body wall with little radioisotope found in the coelomic fluid. Lead-210 was then transferred to the organic matrix of the body wall through the general body cavity via the coelomic fluid, and then to the skeleton. In this way, lead appears to be progressively eliminated from the organic matrix of the body wall while it is efficiently trapped in the calcite skeleton. The sequestration and retention of lead in the skeleton is considered as a detoxification process, but it also prevents lead transfer to higher trophic levels of the marine food chain since the skeleton is not digested by higher consumers. In addition, the skeleton of asteroids can be regarded as a bioindicator of long-term dietary lead contamination.     

Effect of intertidal compared to subtidal exposure on the uptake,loss and oxidative toxicity of water-born benzo[a]pyrene in the mantle and whole tissues of the mussel,Mytilus edulis L

Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis, L.) were exposed to a single dose of 1 ppb benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) under subtidal (SC) or tidal conditions (TC; 6 h immersion, 6 h emersion) in order to follow its bioaccumulation in whole mussel and mantle tissue, and to compare BaP-mediated toxicity on lipids (malonaldehyde formation, MDA) in the mantle. Rapid uptake of BaP (70-80% of BaP initially introduced in tanks) was observed in both conditions after 12 h, but subsequent depuration in clean water was slower in TC mussels. BaP levels decreased in whole tissue in both conditions between 12 and 24 h, but increased in mantle. The mantle BaP levels were similar during the first 4 days in SC and TC, but whereas they decreased in SC after 7 days. BaP was retained at high levels in mantle in TC until the end of the study (14 days). In both conditions, significant increases (P < 0.05) in lipid peroxidation were observed after 4 days, but MDA levels were approximately 3 times higher in the mantle of TC than SC mussels, although BaP tissue concentrations were similar. These observations suggested that increased BaP-mediated toxicity in mantle lipid was due to the interactive effect of the tidal cycle of immersion/emersion on BaP-mediated oxidative damage.     

华北地区未来气候变化的高分辨率数值模拟

使用20km高水平分辨率的区域气候模式RegCM3,单向嵌套FvGCM/CCM3全球模式,进行了中国区域气候变化的数值模拟试验,分析华北地区夏半年4-9月的气温、降水和高温、干旱事件的变化。模式积分时间分为两个时段,分别为当代的1961-1990年和在IPCC SRES A2温室气体排放情景下的21世纪末2071-2100年。模式检验结果表明:在大部分月份,区域模式对当代气候的模拟都较全球模式更好。两个模式模拟的未来气温和降水变化,在空间分布型和量级上都有一定不同,如区域模式的升温更高,降水出现大范围减少等。此外,使用日最高气温不低于35℃的日数(D_(T35))和考虑了湿度因素的炎热指数(I_(H))不低于35℃的日数(D_(H135)),分析了区域模式模拟的未来高温事件变化,结果表明:未来华北地区D_(T35)和平原地区D_(H135)均有较大增加。未来华北地区的连续干旱日数(CDD)将增加,依照UNEP(United Nations Environment Programme)干旱指数(A_(U))给出的气候湿润区将有较大幅度减少,而半湿润半干旱区和半干旱区面积将增加。     

21世纪的能源地缘政治

战略和国际问题研究中心(CSIS)近期完成的题为“进入21世纪的能源地缘政治”研究项目取得了一些十分重要的成果。这些成果不仅对美国的政策,而且对所有能源生产国和消费国的政策都很有意义。 前参议员S.Nun先生、前能源部长J.Schlesinger博士、现任参议员F.Murkowski先生和J.Lieberman先生,现任众议员B.Gilman先生和E.Tauscher     

早期大气圈的氧化状态

如果生命是在早期地球表面环境中起源于有机化合物,大气圈的氧化状态则是一个重要的因素。因为高还原性的大气圈比弱还原性的大气圈更有利于前生物合成作用。然而,关于早期大气圈的最流行的模式都认为大气圈是N_2、CO_2、H_2O和微量H_2、CO组成的弱还原性混合物。这里,笔者检验了两种作用:(1)后来微星体的爆炸;(2)地幔氧化还原状态的改变。月球陨石坑告诉我们,月球,当然也有地球,在3.8Ga之前,被碰撞爆炸     

论花岗岩化

人工模拟花岗岩的试验能产生重合现象,例如,人造花岗质物质虽与自然界花岗岩相似,但其形成条件却与自然界花岗岩完全不同。因此,通过熔化湿的砂质粘土和食盐获得类似花岗岩的产物是可能的。但由此认为在自然界形成花岗岩时曾发生相似的作用,所以我们能将人工合成的数据作为自然界这种作用的条件,这样的结论则是完全不可取的。此外,这种相应的自然界作用的时间甚至到今天仍一无所知。这个例子表明,把重合现象当作实际研究的结果来看待是非常危险的。对此,NieuwenKamp 于1966年就已提出。特别是在研究花岗岩时,犯这种错误的危险性很大。长期以来,人们认为花岗岩不是一般的含义的熔浆产物,而是成因非常复杂的超变     

厌氧菌Shewcenella putrefaciens还原U(Ⅵ)的实验研究:应用于中国层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿

报道在中国首次模拟新疆某层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿床成矿主要物理化学条件(35℃,Eh≈-0.1 V,pH = 7.0 ～ 7.4,与现代成矿流体化学成分相近的实验溶液),采用在自然界广泛分布的厌氧菌Shewcenella putrefaciens实验还原U(Ⅵ),迅速地(7昼夜)在该菌胞外壁生成纳米级晶质铀矿(沥青铀矿)沉淀.发现该类沥青铀矿中的大量纳米级(2 ～ 4 nm)晶质铀矿单晶,以其排列的完全无序性,区别于有序排列的天然沥青铀矿.最后探讨了该矿床中微生物富集铀的可能机制.本实验结果还可望为核污染水环境的修复和砂岩型铀矿的地浸开采提供生物技术思路.