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941.
Most current methods of design for concrete structures under earthquake loads rely on highly idealized ‘equivalent’ static representations of the seismic loads and linear‐elastic methods of structural analysis. With the continuing development of non‐linear methods of dynamic analysis for the overload behaviour and collapse of complete concrete structures, a more direct and more accurate design procedure becomes possible which considers conditions at system collapse. This paper describes an evaluation procedure that uses non‐linear dynamic collapse–load analysis together with global safety coefficients. A back‐calibration procedure for evaluating the global safety coefficients is also described. The aim of this paper is to open up discussion of alternative methods of design with improved accuracy which are necessary to move towards a direct collapse–load method of design. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
942.
Seismic Hazard for Selected Sites in Greece: A Bayesian Estimate of Seismic Peak Ground Acceleration 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
A procedure for estimating maximum values of seismic peak ground accelerationat the examined site and quantiles of its probabilistic distribution in a future timeinterval of a given length is considered. The input information for the method areseismic catalog and regression relation between peak seismic acceleration at a givenpoint and magnitude and distance from the site to epicenter (seismic attenuation law).The method is based on Bayesian approach, which simply accounts for influenceof uncertainties of seismic acceleration values. The main assumptions for the method are Poissonian character of seismic events flow and distribution law of Gutenberg-Richter's type. The method is applied to seismic hazard estimation in six selected sitesin Greece. 相似文献
943.
A. Piccioni F. Giovanelli K. Bartolini I. Bruni M. Frutti A. Guarnieri 《Astronomy Reports》2002,46(12):1030-1041
The structure of the electronics of the two-head, high-speed photometer operating on the 152-cm G.D. Cassini telescope of Bologna University has been fully redesigned for high-time-resolution observations of fast variable sources, in particular, of the optical counterparts of X-ray binary systems. The fast photometer now permits sampling times from 0.1 ms to 100 s. The handling of the system clock and I/O configuration have been modified to provide rigorous synchronization of the sampling time with an external high-stability clock and the continuous acquisition of an uninterrupted data stream. The continuous data-acquisition process, which is driven by an external clock, is limited only by the capacity of the hard disk and is supported by a double-buffer SRAM memory designed to overcome any discontinuity in the asynchronous communication with the computer. Real-time monitoring of the data enables continuous evaluation of the weather conditions, and the directly displayed light curve can be used to determine the optimal management of the observations. 相似文献
944.
José F. Noguera Lluís Rivero Xavier Font Andrés Navarro Francisco Martínez 《Environmental Geology》2002,41(8):898-905
945.
V. I. Vinogradov M. I. Bujakaite V. I. Murav'ev M. B. Burzin A. F. Veis 《Lithology and Mineral Resources》2002,37(5):454-461
The Rb–Sr characteristics of whole-rock samples of Upper Vendian clayey rocks recovered by Gavrilov-Yam boreholes are studied. The Rb–Sr age versus sampling depth relationship has been revealed. Three sample assemblages are identified. The errorchron relationship of samples in the first interval (1760–2400 m) fits the age of 390 ± 40 Ma corresponding to the initial Hercynian history characterized by the transformation of platformal sediments. The other two assemblages (2410–2525 and 2528–2560 m) make up isochrons with slopes corresponding to 590 ± 50 and 690 ± 10 Ma, respectively. Their geochronological meaning is unclear. 相似文献
946.
The picritic (MgO >13·5%) lavas of Grenada providea unique opportunity to evaluate the platinum group elements(PGE) and Os isotope compositions of primitive subduction-generatedmelts. Compared with other arc lavas they have undergone verylimited crustal contamination ( 相似文献
947.
Equilibrium and Disequilibrium Trace Element Partitioning in Hydrous Eclogites (Trescolmen, Central Alps) 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6
Despite the widespread presence of hydrous phases in subduction-related systems, experimental DMin/Fluid trace element valuesfor many hydrous phases are lacking. To fill this gap, we presenta set of DMin/Clinopyroxene values (where Min indicates amphibole,zoisite, phengite, paragonite or apatite) derived from equilibriumparageneses of eclogites from Trescolmen (Central Alps, Switzerland).These data can be combined with experimental data for DClinopyroxene/Fluid,to estimate DMin/Fluid values for the hydrous phases, thus circumventingexperimental problems with the direct determination of suchvalues. We analysed Li, Be, B, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Ce, Nd, Sm,Pb, Th and U in coexisting phases by laser ablation microprobeinductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Many of the valuesare extremely low; for example, Nb, Ba, Ce, Th and U are inthe lower ppb range in clinopyroxene. Attainment of equilibriumwas evaluated by textural, and major and trace element characteristics.Non-equilibrated assemblages are common in most eclogite localities,including Trescolmen, and using such samples would lead to thederivation of erroneous values for equilibrium partitioning.However, four of the 10 studied eclogites from Trescolmen havinghomogeneous clinopyroxene compositions and preferred orientationof high-pressure phases yielded consistent DMin/Clinopyroxenevalues in all four samples (where Min indicates amphibole, phengite,paragonite, apatite), and hence were studied in detail. Thelow abundances in some phases result from strong preferentialincorporation of trace elements into other minor phases. Fromthe investigated hydrous phases (amphibole, zoisite, clinozoisite,phengite, paragonite, apatite and talc), zoisite was found tobe the most important carrier of Sr, light rare earth elements,Pb, Th and U, whereas phengite hosts Ba and is, along with clinopyroxeneand paragonite, an important phase for B. However, because oftheir low modal abundance in eclogite-facies rocks, phengiteand paragonite do not control the B whole-rock budget. We inferthat estimated DMin/Clinopyroxene values from equilibrium assemblagescan be used as a good approximation for partition coefficientsunder the given PT conditions ( 相似文献
948.
949.
The Trypali carbonate unit (Upper Triassic), which crops out mainly in central‐western Crete, occurs between the parautochthonous series (Plattenkalk or Talea Ori‐Ida series, e.g. metamorphic Ionian series) and the Tripolis nappe (comprising the Tripolis carbonate series and including a basal Phyllite–Quartzite unit). It consists of interbedded dolomitic layers, represented principally by algally laminated peloidal mudstones, foraminiferal, peloidal and ooidal grainstones, as well as by fine‐grained detrital carbonate layers, in which coarse baroque dolomite crystals and dolomite nodules are dispersed. Baroque dolomite is present as pseudomorphs after evaporite crystals (nodules and rosettes), which grew penecontemporaneously by displacement and/or replacement of the host sediments (sabkha diagenesis). However, portions of the evaporites show evidence of resedimentation. Pre‐existing evaporites predominantly consisted of skeletal halite crystals that formed from fragmentation of pyramidal‐shaped hoppers, as well as of anhydrite nodules and rosettes (salt crusts). All microfacies are characteristic of peritidal depositional environments, such as sabkhas, tidal flats, shallow hypersaline lagoons, tidal bars and/or tidal channels. Along most horizons, the Trypali unit is strongly brecciated. These breccias are of solution‐collapse origin, forming after the removal of evaporite beds. Evaporite‐related diagenetic fabrics show that there was extensive dissolution and replacement of pre‐existing evaporites, which resulted in solution‐collapse of the carbonate beds. Evaporite replacement fabrics, including calcitized and silicified evaporite crystals, are present in cements in the carbonate breccias. Brecciation was a multistage process; it started in the Triassic, but was most active in the Tertiary, in association with uplift and ground‐water flow (telogenetic alteration). During late diagenesis, in zones of intense evaporite leaching and brecciation, solution‐collapse breccias were transformed to rauhwackes. The Trypali carbonate breccias (Trypali unit) are lithologically and texturally similar to the Triassic solution‐collapse breccias of the Ionian zone (continental Greece). The evaporites probably represent a major diapiric injection along the base of the parautochthonous series (metamorphic Ionian series) and also along the overthrust surface separating the parautochthonous series from the Tripolis nappe (Phyllite–Quartzite and Tripolis series). The injected evaporites were subsequently transformed into solution‐collapse breccias. 相似文献
950.
Topography as a major factor in the development of arcuate thrust belts: insights from sandbox experiments 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
We have used sandbox experiments to investigate and to illustrate the effects of topography upon the development of arcuate thrust belts. In experiments where a sand pack shortened and thickened in front of an advancing rectilinear piston, the geometry of the developing thrust wedge was highly sensitive to variations in surface topography. In the absence of erosion and sedimentation, the surface slope tended to become uniform, as predicted by the theory of critical taper. Under these conditions, the wedge propagated by sequential accretion of new thrust slices. In contrast, where erosion or sedimentation caused the topographic profile to become irregular, thrusts developed out of sequence. For example, erosion throughout a hinterland caused underlying thrusts to remain active and inhibited the development of new thrusts in the foreland. Where initial topography was irregular in plan view, accreting thrusts tended to be arcuate. They were convex towards the foreland, around an initially high area; concave towards the foreland, around an initially low area. Initial plateaux tended to behave rigidly, while arcuate thrust slices accreted to them. Thrust motions were radial with respect to each plateau. Within transfer zones to each side, fault blocks rotated about vertical axes and thrust motions were oblique-slip. At late stages of deformation, the surface slope of the thrust wedge tended towards a uniform value. Initial mountains of conical shape (representing volcanoes) also escaped deformation, except at depth, where they detached. Arcuate thrust slices accreted to front and back. Where a developing thrust wedge was subject to local incision, accreting thrust slices dipped towards surrounding areas of high topography, forming Vs across valleys.Arcuate structural patterns are to be found around the three highest plateaux on Earth (Tibet, Pamirs and Altiplano) and around the Tromen volcanic ridge in the Neuquén Basin of northern Patagonia. We infer that these areas behaved in quasi-rigid fashion, protected as they were by their high topography. 相似文献