Geopotential Reconstruction,Decomposition, Fast Computation,and Noise Cancellation by Harmonic Wavelets

Harmonic wavelets are introduced within the framework of the Sobolev-like Hilbert space H of potentials with square-integrable restrictions to the Earth's (mean) sphere _R . Basic tool is the construction of H-product kernels in terms of an (outer harmonics) orthonormal basis in H. Scaling function and wavelet are defined by means of so-called H-product kernels. Harmonic wavelets are shown to be building blocks that decorrelate geopotential data. A pyramid scheme enables fast computations. Multiscale signal-to-noise thresholding provides suitable denoising. Multiscale modelling of the Earth's anomalous potential from EGM96-model data is illustrated by use of bandlimited harmonic wavelets, i.e. Shannon and CP-wavelets.     

Modeling Dust Jets And Shells From Comet Hale-Bopp

Persistent jet and shell structures from comet Hale-Bopp showing gradual changes in the shapes and orientations with aspect angle and solar illumination geometry indicate long lived active sources. A model to simulate the dust features has been applied to the series of observations from September 1996 to May 1997. Most of the structures can be explained as arising due to ejections from persistent active regions at comet-o-centric latitudes near +65°, +55°, −5° to −15°, −35° and −65°. The best fitting pole positions vary between 255° ±10° and 275° ± 10° in right ascension and −45° ± 10° to −75° ± 10° in declination. Lower limits on the dust and gas production rates at various epochs are presented. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

On the relation between the peak frequency and the corresponding rise time of solar microwave impulsive bursts and the height dependence of magnetic fields

In the present paper we report the results of a correlation analysis for 57 microwave impulsive bursts observed at six frequencies in which we have obtained a regression line between the peak frequency and the corresponding rise time of microwave impulsive bursts: {ie361-01} (with a correlation coefficient of - 0.43). This can be explained in the frame of a thermal model. The magnetic field decrease with height has to be much slower than in a dipole field in order to explain the weak dependence of f _p on t _r . This decrease of magnetic field with height in burst sources is based on the relationship between f _p and t _r found by assuming a thermal flare model with a collisionless conduction front.On leave from Beijing Observatory, Academia Sinica, Beijing, China.     

Conventional and in situ geochronology of the Teplá Crystalline unit, Bohemian Massif: implications for the processes involving monazite formation

The Teplá Crystalline unit (TCU), western Bohemian Massif, proves highly suitable for studying the effects of differential metamorphic reworking on the U–Th–Pb systematics in monazite, as the overprint of Variscan regional metamorphism onto high-grade Cadomian paragneisses intensifies progressively towards the northwest. Although variably hampered by scarcity, small size, and low uranium contents of monazite, isotope dilution–thermal ionisation mass spectrometry of monazite from paragneisses from the garnet, staurolite, and kyanite zones of the TCU gives a narrow ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age range from 387 to 382 Ma for Variscan peak metamorphism. These data are supported by 382–373 Ma monazite ages derived from electron microprobe analyses. Inheritance of older components in grains from the central TCU imply major “resetting” of pre-Variscan monazite around 380 Ma, possibly due to widespread garnet growth during Variscan metamorphism, which led to the consumption of pre-Variscan high-Y monazite and subsequent growth of new low-Y monazite. Concordant 498–494 Ma monazite ages in a migmatitic paragneiss close to the adjacent Mariánské Lázně Complex (MLC) grew in response to metagabbro emplacement in the MLC from 503 to 496 Ma and not during either Cadomian or Variscan regional metamorphism. Backscatter imaging and electron microprobe analyses reveal that discordant monazite of the migmatite comprises a mix of various age domains that range from ca. 540 to 380 Ma. Combined evidence presented here suggests that instead of Pb loss by volume diffusion, the apparent resetting of the U–Th–Pb systematics in monazite rather involves new crystal growth or regrowth by recrystallisation and dissolution/reprecipitation.     

Surface elevation dynamics in vegetatedSpartina marshes versus unvegetated tidal ponds along the Mid-Atlantic coast, USA, with implications to waterbirds

Mid Atlantic coastal salt marshes contain a matrix of vegetation diversified by tidal pools, pannes, and creeks, providing habitats of varying importance to many species of breeding, migrating, and wintering waterbirds. We hypothesized that changes in marsh elevation were not sufficient to keep pace with those of sea level in both vegetated and unvegetatedSpartina alterniflora sites at a number of mid lagoon marsh areas along the Atlantic Coast. We also predicted that northern areas would suffer less of a deficit than would southern sites. Beginning in August 1998, we installed surface elevation tables at study sites on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, southern New Jersey, and two locations along Virginia's eastern shore. We compared these elevation changes over the 4–4.5 yr record with the long-term (>50 yr) tidal records for each locale. We also collected data on waterbird use of these sites during all seasons of the year, based on ground surveys and replicated surveys from observation platforms. Three patterns of marsh elevation change were found. At Nauset Marsh, Cape Cod, theSpartina marsh surface tracked the pond surface, both keeping pace with regional sea-level rise rates. In New Jersey, the ponds are becoming deeper while marsh surface elevation remains unchanged from the initial reading. This may result in a submergence of the marsh in the future, assuming sea-level rise continues at current rates. Ponds at both Virginia sites are filling in, while marsh surface elevation rates do not seem to be keeping pace with local sea-level rise. An additional finding at all sites was that subsidence in the vegetated marsh surfaces was less than in unvegetated areas, reflecting the importance of the root mat in stabilizing sediments. The implications to migratory waterbirds are significant. Submergence of much of the lagoonal marsh area in Virginia and New Jersey over the next century could have major negative (i.e., flooding) effects on nesting populations of marsh-dependent seaside sparrowsAmmodramus maritimus, saltmarsh sharp-tailed sparrowsAmmodramus caudacutus, black railsLaterallus jamaicensis, clapper railsRallus longirostris. Forster's ternsSterna forsteri, common ternsSterna hirundo, and gull-billed ternsSterna nilotica. Although short-term inundation of many lagoonal marshes may benefit some open-water feeding ducks, geese, and swans during winter, the long-term ecosystem effects may be detrimental, as wildlife resources will be lost or displaced. With the reduction in area of emergent marsh, estuarine secondary productivity and biotic diversity will also be reduced.     

Distribution of gold,silver, copper,lead and zinc in the productive Marysville stock,Montana

125 whole rock samples from the productive Marysville, Montana, granodiorite and the surrounding metamorphic rocks were analyzed by neutron activation analysis for gold and silver, and by atomic absorption for copper, lead and zinc. In the vicinity of known gold veins, anomalous values for gold and silver were found in both types of bedrock. Anomalies for the base metals were much less pronounced. The results indicate that systematic analysis of igneous bodies could be useful in exploration for hydrothermal ore deposits.

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Zusammenfassung 125 Gesteinsproben des sogenannten produktiven Granodiorits in Marysville (Montana) wurden durch Neutronenaktivierungsanalyse auf Gold und Silber und mittels Atomabsorptionsanalyse auf Kupfer, Blei und Zink analysiert. In der Nähe bekannter Goldadern wurden in beiden Gesteinsarten ungewöhnlich hohe Gold- und Silber-Werte gefunden. Anomale Werte für Kupfer, Blei und Zink waren seltener. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß eine systematische Untersuchung magmatischer Gesteinskomplexe bei der Suche nach hydrothermalen Erzlagerstätten von Nutzen sein kann.

     

Relationship of olivine gabbro and amphibolite schist at carol west,Labrador geosyncline

Shabogamo gabbro, an olivine gabbro, intrudes the metamorphosed sedimentary rocks in the Wabush Lake map area, southern part of the Labrador geosyncline. In close spatial relation to this intrusive is an amphibolite schist that appears conformable with these meta-sediments. Field evidence is by itself insufficient to demonstrate whether this amphibolite schist is a metamorphosed sediment or whether it is genetically related to this olivine gabbro. Since large amphibolite schist bands occur in the Smallwood Mine, determination of the origin and relation of the amphibolite schist to the olivine gabbro is of special importance because this will determine ore potential at depth in this mine.Initial ratios of Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ (0.704±0.001) in these two rock types are singularly not conclusive to demonstrate a common origin. Until recently, geologists associated the Shabogamo gabbro with igneous activities of the Grenville orogeny, but a minimum age of 1,600±130 m. y. of biotite in this intrusive shows that it should be associated with an earlier orogeny. Moreover the minimum biotite age of 1,050±140 m. y. of the amphibolite schist also approximates the time since the Grenville orogeny in this area.On the strength of all investigations on these two rock types, it is concluded that the amphibolite schist is a metamorphic derivative of the olivine gabbro.

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Zusammenfassung Durch geologische Felduntersuchungen ist es nicht möglich, eine genetische Verwandtschaft zwischen einem Amphibolitschiefer und einem Olivingabbro im südlichen Labrador-Trog (Wabush Lake) festzustellen.Da Amphibolitschiefer-BÄnder auch in der Smallwood Mine vorkommen, ist es von ökonomischer Bedeutung, festzustellen, ob beide Gesteinsarten genetisch verwandt sind oder ob die Schiefer sedimentÄrer Herkunft sind. Im ersten Fall könnte diese Annahme Erzreserven im Untertageabbau vermindern. Im zweiten Fall — also einer syngenetischen Ablagerung mit der Eisenformation — wÄre der Amphibolitschiefer viel Älter als der Olivingabbro, wobei sich das Problem der Erzreserven anders stellt, da die Smallwood Mine in einer Synklinale liegt.Ein Ergebnis dieser Forschung deutet an, da\ die IsotopenverhÄltnisse (Sr⁸⁷/ Sr⁸⁶: 0,704±0,001 Gesamtgestein in beiden Gesteinsarten) allein nicht die Felduntersuchungen bekrÄftigen oder entkrÄften können. Zugleich ergibt das Alter des Biotit im Amphibolitschiefer einen unteren Grenzwert der Grenville Orogenese von 1,050±140 Millionen Jahren und das Alter des Biotit im Olivingabbro einen unteren Grenzwert seiner Intrusion von 1,600±130 Millionen Jahren in diesem Gebiet.Die Schlu\folgerungen aus den Ergebnissen dieser Untersuchung laufen darauf hinaus, da\ der Amphibolitschiefer ein metamorphes Produkt aus dem Olivingabbro ist.

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Résumé Le gabbro Shabogamo de la région du lac Wabush a envahi les roches métasédimentaires de la fosse du Labrador. Un schiste à amphibole, l'une des gangues de la mine de fer Smallwood, a une étroite association spatiale avec cet intrusif mais semble interstratifié avec les métasédiments. Cependant seules les relations de terrain ne peuvent permettre de démontrer si ce schiste est un métasédiment ou s'il est un facies altéré du gabbro à olivine. L'origine du schiste amphibolitique est importante à reconnaÎtre puisqu'elle permettra de prédire le potentiel économique en profondeur de l'exploitation.Contrairement à ce qui avait été conclu précédemment, le gabbro Shabogamo n'a pas été mis en place durant l'orogénie Grenville. En effet le rapport isotopique Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ (0.704±0.001) de la biotite indique que le gabbro a un âge minimum de 1,600±130 millions d'années. Par contre la biotite du schiste à amphibole donne à la roche un âge de 1,050±140 millions d'années. De plus, l'analyse pétrographique et chimique des deux roches indique qu'elles sont génétiquement reliées. On croit donc que le gabbro Shabogamo appartient probablement au système orogénique Hudsonien mais qu'il fut métamorphisé localement en schiste amphibolitique durant l'orogénie Grenville. Il faudra alors s'attendre, à la mine Smallwood, à une baisse considérable du tonnage du minerai avec la profondeur.

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- — Wabush Lake — - .. . Smallwood, - , . . -, . . , , , Smallwood . , Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶: 0,704±0,001 , . (1,050±140 ), - 1,600±130 . , -.