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351.
Kemal Hacıefendioğlu Emre Alpaslan 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2014,28(2):415-427
This paper presents the dynamic response analysis of industrial masonry chimney subjected to artificially generated surface blast induced ground shock by using a three-dimensional finite element model. The effects of surface blast-induced ground shocks on nearby structures depend on the distance between the explosion centre and the structure, and charge weight. Blast-induced ground motions can be represented by power spectral density function and applied to each support point of the 3D finite element model of the industrial masonry system. In this study, a parametric study is mainly conducted to estimate the effect of the blast-induced ground motions on the nonlinear response of a chimney type masonry structure. Therefore, the analysis was carried out for different values of the charge weights and distances from the charge center. The initial crack and propagation of the crack pattern at the base of the chimney were evaluated. Moreover, the maximum stresses and displacements through the height of the chimney were investigated. The results of the study underline that blast-induced ground motions effects should be considered to perform the non-linear dynamic analysis of masonry type chimney structures more accurately. 相似文献
352.
353.
Habip Eroğlu Günay Çakır Fatih Sivrikaya Abdullah E. Akay 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2010,24(5):699-704
Soil erosion is one of the most important environmental problems. In the case of small scale areas where soil properties and
climate have relatively uniform characteristics, vegetation cover and topography (i.e. ground slope) are the main factors
that affect the amount of soil erosion. Lack of vegetation cover on bare soil areas, including forest road side slopes, especially
in mountainous regions with steep slopes, may significantly increase the erosion rate. Determining and classifying erosion
risks in such areas can help preventing environmental impacts. In this study, remotely sensed data and elevation data were
used to extract and classify bare soil erosion risk areas for a study area selected from Hatila Valley Natural Protected Area
in northeastern Turkey. High resolution IKONOS imagery was used to apply land use classification in ERDAS Imagine 9.0. To
generate erosion risk map of the bare soil areas, classified image was superimposed on top of slope map, generated based on
a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in ArcGIS 9.2. The results indicated that 1.43, 5.85, 34.62, 53.16, and 4.94% of the bare
soil areas in the study area were under very low, low, medium, high, and very high erosion risks, respectively. The overall
classification accuracy of 82.5% indicated the potential of the proposed methodology. 相似文献
354.
The shelf area is the largest morphological unit of the Marmara Sea and is subjected to increasing population, urbanization, and industrial activities. Metal contents (Al, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr, Co and Hg) of the surface sediments from the shelf areas of the Marmara Sea generally do not indicate shelf-wide pollution. The variability of the metal contents of the shelf sediments is mainly governed by the geochemical differences in the northern and southern hinterlands. Northern shelf sediments contain lower values compared to those of the southern shelf, where higher Ni, Cr, Pb, Cu and Zn are derived from the rock formations and mineralized zones. However, besides from the natural high background in the southern shelf, some anthropogenic influences are evident from EF values of Pb, Zn and Cu, and also from their high mobility in the semi-isolated bay sediments. Anthropogenic influences are found to be limited at the confluence of Istanbul Strait in the northern shelf. However, suspended sediments along the shallow parts of the northern shelf were found to be enriched in Pb and Hg and to a lesser degree in Zn, reflecting anthropogenic inputs from Istanbul Metropolitan and possibly from the Black Sea via the Istanbul Strait. 相似文献
355.
İsmail İnce Ali Bozdağ M. Bahadır Tosunlar M. Ergün Hatır Mustafa Korkanç 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(11):420
Building stones have long been one of the most widely used construction materials in the world. Building stones used in historical monuments are deteriorated partly or completely depending on the environmental and atmospheric effects. In recent years, non-destructive test methods have been used to assess deterioration of building stones used in historical monuments. Gödene stone is one of the building stones being widely used in the historical buildings in the Konya region, Central Anatolia. The most deterioration effects are observed in the Ferit Pa?a Cistern among the historical structures built with Gödene stone in the region. The aim of this study is to assess the deteriorating effects in the street façade of the Ferit Pa?a Cistern via non-destructive testing methods (Schmidt hardness rebound value, P-wave velocity, humidity measurement and thermal imaging) and create maps of deteriorated features. Turkey’s historic places are integrated to Turkish culture, efforts are made to conserve heritage through rehabilitation. Therefore, this study will help developers and federal managers during the project planning stage by providing technical data. 相似文献
356.
Earthquake imprints on a lacustrine deltaic system: The Kürk Delta along the East Anatolian Fault (Turkey)
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Aurélia Hubert‐Ferrari Meriam El‐Ouahabi David Garcia‐Moreno Ulaş Avşar Sevgi Altınok Sabine Schmidt Nathalie Fagel M. Namık Çağatay 《Sedimentology》2017,64(5):1322-1353
Deltas contain sedimentary records that are not only indicative of water‐level changes, but also particularly sensitive to earthquake shaking typically resulting in soft‐sediment‐deformation structures. The Kürk lacustrine delta lies at the south‐western extremity of Lake Hazar in eastern Turkey and is adjacent to the seismogenic East Anatolian Fault, which has generated earthquakes of magnitude 7. This study re‐evaluates water‐level changes and earthquake shaking that have affected the Kürk Delta, combining geophysical data (seismic‐reflection profiles and side‐scan sonar), remote sensing images, historical data, onland outcrops and offshore coring. The history of water‐level changes provides a temporal framework for the depositional record. In addition to the common soft‐sediment deformation documented previously, onland outcrops reveal a record of deformation (fracturing, tilt and clastic dykes) linked to large earthquake‐induced liquefactions and lateral spreading. The recurrent liquefaction structures can be used to obtain a palaeoseismological record. Five event horizons were identified that could be linked to historical earthquakes occurring in the last 1000 years along the East Anatolian Fault. Sedimentary cores sampling the most recent subaqueous sedimentation revealed the occurrence of another type of earthquake indicator. Based on radionuclide dating (137Cs and 210Pb), two major sedimentary events were attributed to the ad 1874 to 1875 East Anatolian Fault earthquake sequence. Their sedimentological characteristics were determined by X‐ray imagery, X‐ray diffraction, loss‐on‐ignition, grain‐size distribution and geophysical measurements. The events are interpreted to be hyperpycnal deposits linked to post‐seismic sediment reworking of earthquake‐triggered landslides. 相似文献
357.
Geotechnical Engineering has developed many methods for soil improvement so far. One of these methods is the stone column method. The structure of a stone column generally refers to partial change of suitable subsurface ground through a vertical column, poor stone layers which are completely pressed. In general terms, to improve bearing capacity of problematic soft and loose soil is implemented for the resolution of many problems such as consolidation and grounding problems, to ensure filling and splitting slope stability and liquefaction that results from a dynamic load such as earthquake. In this study, stone columns method is preferred as an improvement method, and especially load transfer mechanisms and bearing capacity of floating stone column are focused. The soil model, 32 m in width and 8 m in depth, used in this study is made through Plaxis 2D finite element program. The clay having 5° internal friction angle with different cohesion coefficients (c 10, c 15, c 20 kN/m2) are used in models. In addition, stone columns used for soil improvement are modeled at different internal friction angles (? 35°, ? 40°, ? 45°) and in different s/D ranges (s/D 2, s/D 3), stone column depths (B, 2B, 3B) and diameters (D 600 mm, D 800 mm, D 1000 mm). In the study, maximum acceleration (a max = 1.785 m/s2) was used in order to determine the seismic coefficient used. In these soil models, as maximum acceleration, maximum east–west directional acceleration value of Van Muradiye earthquake that took place in October 23, 2011 was used. As a result, it was determined that the stone column increased the bearing capacity of the soil. In addition, it is observed that the bearing capacity of soft clay soil which has been improved through stone column with both static and earthquake load effect increases as a result of increase in the diameter and depth of the stone column and decreases as a result of the increase in the ranges of stone column. In the conducted study, the bearing capacity of the soil models, which were improved with stone column without earthquake force effect, was calculated as 1.01–3.5 times more on the average, compared to the bearing capacity of the soil models without stone column. On the other hand, the bearing capacity of the soil models with stone columns, which are under the effect of earthquake force, was calculated as 1.02–3.7 times more compared to the bearing capacity of the soil models without stone column. 相似文献
358.
Ferah Koçak Sinem Aydın-Önen Şermin Açık Filiz Küçüksezgin 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2017,76(17):617
The brackish Bafa Lake located in the southwestern part of Turkey is under stress because of both natural and untreated wastewater effluents. The purpose of this research is to determine spatiotemporal distributions of some physicochemical variables in water column (temperature, salinity, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, NH4–N, NO2–N, NO3–N, oPO4–P, TPO4–P, chlorophyll-a, total suspended solids) and sediment (TN, TC, TOC, TP) and their relationships at coastal stations. In the water column, nitrate and phosphate concentrations showed seasonal variations with high values recorded in winter period. Ammonium was determined as a main source of TIN component. During summer period, a large amount of total phosphorus was found as dissolved organic form. However, in the winter period, inorganic phosphate levels increased at sampling stations. N limitation was a common feature throughout the lake where P-limitation was only observed in summer period. The total phosphorus levels which showed hypereutrophic condition at the western part of the lake changed between 1.55 and 4.99 μM and did not remain in the range for uncontaminated condition. In the lake sediment, a strong relationship was found between TOC and TC levels. Generally, the mean TOC concentrations constitute small amount of TC values in the sampling stations. The results also indicated that a strong correlation exists between TOC and TN values, and TN was greatly regulated by organic sources. In the lake, TOC:TN ratios changed between 5 and 13; the ratio greater than 10 could be an indicator of algal and land plant sources mixing as an organic matter. 相似文献
359.
The study area covers two geologically different regions which have intensively been carpeted by tea plants in the eastern
Black Sea. The rocks exposed in the region contain considerable amount of trace metals due to Upper Cretaceous massive sulfide
formations and tertiary epithermal mineralizations. Tea plants that grow in soils derived from such mineralized rocks contain
different concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe, Cd, P, Al, Na, K, and S. The content ratios of most of the analyzed elements except
Al are higher in basaltic and sedimentary rocks. To describe the transfer of metals from soil to tea leaf, the Freundlich-type
model (log c
plant = ac
soil + log b) is used. The metal concentrations in leaves of tea plant in the studied soils are ranked as Zn > Cu > Pb > Al > Cd > Fe.
The capacity of the plant to affect the metal accumulation decreased as follows: Fe > Cd > Pb > Cu > Zn > Al. Negative correlations
were found between pH and availability of Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, and Al elements by the tea plant. Experimental applications indicated
that tea plant leaves growing on soils with high metal contents show some signs of toxicity. In soils where, particularly,
ammonium sulfate fertilizer is used, metal uptake by the tea plant was found to be significantly higher as a result of extremely
acidic character of the soil. 相似文献
360.
Aydın Kahriman Alkan Günlü Uzay Karahalil 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2014,42(3):559-567
The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between crown closure and tree density in mixed forest stands using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) reflectance values (TM 1- TM 5 and TM 7) and six vegetation indices (SR, DVI, SAVI, NDVI, TVI and NLI). In this study, multiple regression analysis was used to estimate the relationships between the crown closure and tree density (number of tree stems per hectare) using reflectance values and vegetation indices (VIs). The results demonstrated that the model that used SR and DVI had the best performances in terms of crown closure (R2?=?0.674) and the model that used the DVI and SAVI had the best performances in terms of tree density (R2?=?0.702). The regression model that used TM 1, TM 3 together with TM 4 showed the performances of the crown closure (R2?=?0.610) and the regression model that used TM 1 showed the performances of the tree density (0.613). Results obtained from this research show that vegetation indices (VIs) were a better predictor of crown closure and tree density than other TM bands. 相似文献