Linear and nonlinear response of concrete slab on CFR dam during earthquake

The joint between concrete slab and rockfill is designed as welded contact in the classical modeling of concrete-faced rockfill (CFR) dams and earthquake response of the CFR dams is determined by this method. In this study, linear and nonlinear response of Torul CFR Dam including interface element between concrete slab and rockfill were investigated for the duration of strong seismic excitation. The finite element analyses were performed by employing both cases, empty and full reservoir, to research the effect of the reservoir water on the earthquake response of the dam. The reservoir water was modeled with fluid finite elements by the Lagrangian approach. The Drucker-Prager model was used in nonlinear analyses for concrete slab, rockfill and soil materials. According to finite element analyses, displacement and stress components were increased by hydrodynamic pressure. The nonlinear response of the concrete slab was monitored about the peak ground acceleration (pga). This study reveals that the size of sliding zone increases with increasing acceleration amplitudes.     

A survey of damage observed in Izmir due to 2020 Samos-Izmir earthquake

Natural Hazards - An earthquake of magnitude 6.9 hit the city of Izmir (Turkey) on 30 October 2020, resulting in 117 deaths (in Turkey) and considerable economic losses. The earthquake also...     

CSAMT investigations of the Caferbeyli (Manisa/Turkey) geothermal area

Journal of Earth System Science - Western Turkey is one of the most remarkable regions of very active continental extension in the world. The most significant structures of this region are...     

The rodent fauna from the Adapazarı pull-apart basin (NW Anatolia): its bearings on the age of the North Anatolian fault

Abstract

To the east of the Sea of Marmara, the North Anatolian fault (NAF) branches into two strands, namely the northern and the southern strands. The Adapazan pull-apart basin is located in the overlapping zone of the Dokurcun and the ?zmit-Adapazan segments of the northern strand. The combined temporal ranges of the arvicolids from the Karapürçek formation (the first unit of the basin fill), deposited in the primary morphology of the Adapazan pull-apart basin, cover the latest Villanyian (latest Pliocene) and the Biharian (Early Pleistocene) time interval. The De?irmendere fauna collected from the lowermost sediments of this formation suggests that the Adapazan pull-apart basin started to form in the latest Pliocene. This, in turn, suggests that the dextral movement along the northern strand of the NAF commenced during the latest Pliocene. A new species, Tibericola sakaryaensis is also described. © 2001 Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS     

Effects of mining subsidence on masonry buildings in Zonguldak hard coal region in Turkey

Gallerias are the underground constructed results of mining. As these space in underground layers collapse, horizontal and vertical ground movements occur and movement which may reach the earth’s surface are known as mining subsidence. The result of underground displacement may cause surface ground movement which can be detrimental to masonry buildings especially in hard coal regions. Thorough familiarity with general and regional characteristics of an affected area can assist reduction of the effects. Zonguldak and the nearby settlement area, with a population of 300,000, constitute the centre of a hard coal basin where extensive mining has a history extending through 160 years. Mining constitutes the main economic activity in this region, and consequently influences every aspect of life. This study’s intent is to identify the effects of mining subsidence on masonry buildings in the mining area of Kozlu, Zonguldak, Turkey and illustrate them with selected images of damaged masonry buildings. Also included are satellite and mining galleria images.     

A technique for improving MODIS standard snow products for snow cover monitoring over Eastern Turkey

Daily snow cover maps at 500 m resolution are available from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors on NASA's Terra and Aqua satellites. However, information of the ground can only be obtained during clear sky conditions. In addition, the spectral similarity between clouds and snow in the visible part of the spectrum causes some ambiguities in separation of them. The dynamic behavior of clouds with their tendency to move faster often enables discrimination between cloud and snow, since snow remains relatively stationary. In this study, a daily merging methodology to combine Terra and Aqua based snow maps are proposed, and the benefits of this combination are evaluated. The methodology was tested for Eastern Turkey covering the period from December 2002 to March 2003. Merged maps derived from the standard daily snow maps from Terra (MOD10A1) and Aqua (MYD10A1) reduce the cloud cover present in any one image alone, provide better representation of the surface snow cover, and indicate better agreement with ground snow measurements than when either one is used alone. For “on the ground data date” analyses yielded 31% match ratios for MOD10A1 and MYD10A1, whereas combined images enabled 38%. One- to 2-day temporal window shifting enabled further 7% and 5% improvements in match ratios, respectively. The maximum improvement of 25% was achieved in January of 2003. The proposed methodology provides an easy and effective way to improve snow cover maps with little effort and provides fewer cloud-contaminated images for snow monitoring, for hydrology, and water resource management.     

Petrographic and geochemical features of the dolostones at the Gölboğazı Formation (Upper Devonian), Southwest Konya,Turkey

This paper describes the occurrence of dolostone and the mechanism of dolomitization of the Upper Devonian Gölbo?az? Formation in the allochthonous Taurus Mountains Alada? unit in Turkey. The Upper Devonian Gölbo?az? Formation carbonates, with dominant ostracod-bearing mudstone and wackestone, formed tidal and subtidal environments, and some of these rocks were dolomitized from shallow to deep burial. On the basis of the field, the petrographic and geochemical features, four different replaceable and cement dolostone phases have been recognized. The replacive dolostones contain (1) very fine to fine crystalline planar-s dolostone (df1), (2) medium to coarse crystalline planar-s to planar-e dolostone (df2), (3) coarse to very coarse crystalline non-planar-a dolostone (df3), and (4) coarse to very coarse crystalline planar dolostone cement (df4). The replacive dolostones are disordered to moderate the ordered and calcium-rich. They are non-stoichiometric and have 46–59 mol% CaCO₃ and 41–54 mol% MgCO₃ total contents. The df1 dolostones have MgCO₃ contents of 41–54 mol%, the df2 dolostones have 41–53 mol%, the df3 dolostones have 49 mol%, and the df4 dolostones have 49–50 mol%, respectively. The Gölbo?az? dolostones have δ¹⁸O values of ?9.44 to ?2.20‰ Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) and δ¹³C values of ?1.58 to +2.52 VPDB. Sr, Na, Mn, and Fe concentrations of replacive dolostones are 74–184, 148–593, below detection level (bdl)–619, and 1049–9233 ppm, respectively. The petrographic and geochemical data demonstrate that the replacive dolostones occurred prior to the chemical compaction at shallow to intermediate burial depths from Late Devonian seawater and/or seawater lightly modified by water–rock interaction process and later recrystallized by basinal brines at increasing burial depths and temperature. The North American Shale Composite-normalized rare earth element values of both limestone and dolostone show very similar rare earth element patterns characterized by slightly or considerably negative cerium (Ce) anomalies and a clear depletion in all rare earth element species. The dedolomitization observed in the Gölbo?az? Formation is thought to occur by the oxidizing effect of the meteoric water in the shallow burial environment during the telodiagenesis.     

Seismotectonic database of Turkey

Turkey is located in one of the most seismically active regions in the world. Characterizing seismic source zones in this region requires evaluation and integration of geological, geophysical, seismological and geodetical data. This first seismotectonic database for Turkey presented herein was prepared, under the framework of the National Earthquake Strategy and Action Plan—2023. The geographic information system (GIS)-based database includes maps of active faults, catalogues of instrumental and historical earthquakes, moment tensor solutions and data on crustal thickness. On the basis of these data, 18 major seismotectonic zones were delineated for Turkey and the surrounding region. The compilation and storage of the seismotectonic data sets in a digital GIS will allow analyses and systematic updates as new data accrete over time.     

Potability and hydrogeochemisty of the Sarma Stream water,Duzce, Turkey

The Sarma Stream is located in Turkey, southwest of the town of Akcakoca in the Duzce Province. It was decided that the Sariyayla reservoir should be built on the Sarma Stream in order to address the water needs of Akcakoca. This research was conducted in the Sarma Stream basin to determine the effects of environmental and hydrological processes. Samples of rocks, soil, stream water, rain, snowmelt and bed and suspended sediment were collected in the Sarma Stream basin. Geochemical and water chemistry analyses of the samples were performed at the ALS Global laboratories in Canada. The sandstone, which is easily weathering and rich by clay minerals, and soil samples cause the Sarma Stream to flow muddy in rainy season. The kaolinite, illite, montmorillonite and clay minerals that type of chlorite is found in the bed and suspended sediments of the Sarma Stream. The water of the Sarma Stream is rich in calcium and bicarbonate, the water type is Ca–HCO₃. Acid rain affects the dissolution of geological units and the abundance of principal ions. Some heavy metal and elements in the Sarma Stream basin waters exceed the drinking water limit values (e.g. Al, Fe, Mn, NH₄ and NO₃). Hence, water in the Sariyayla Reservoir should be treated.