Das stereoautographische Verfahren — ein neues Mittel zur automatischen Herstellung genauer Schichtenlinienkarten und Pläne

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Statistische Untersuchungen zur Meteorotropie der fulminanten Lungenembolie

Zusammenfassung Die fulminante Lungenembolie (252 sorgfältig geprüfte Fälle der Jahre 1929 bis 1940 aus dem Sektionsgut des Pathologischen Instituts der Universität Köln) zeigt in Köln keine Beziehung zum Durchzug meteorologischer Fronten. Dagegen ist in dem Jahr des Sonnenfleckenmaximums 1937 eine zwar schwache, aber statistisch gesicherte Beziehung zu den durch die erdmagnetischen Charakterzahlen beschriebenen solaren Störungen vorhanden. Dieser Zusammenhang wurde durch die Bearbeitung des Sektionsmaterials von 13 westdeutschen pathologischen Instituten erhärtet (226 Embolien).

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Summary The fulminant lung embolism (252 carefully examined cases of the years 1929–1940 of the results of the Pathologic Institute of Cologne University) shows no correlation with the passage of meteorological fronts in Cologne. But in the year 1937, a year with a sun-spot maximum, there is a weak but statistically significant correlation with solar disturbances, described by the international magnetic character-figures. This connexion has been asserted furthermore by the analysis of the obduction material of 13 pathological institutes of western Germany (226 embolisms).

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Résumé L'embolie pulmonaire foudroyante (252 cas soigneusement contrôlés des années 1929 à 1940 et tirés du matériel d'autopsies de l'Institut pathologique de l'Université de Cologne) ne montrent à Cologne aucune relation avec les passages des fronts. Par contre l'année du maximum de taches solaires 1937, il existe une relation faible mais statistiquement prouvée avec les perturbations solaires traduites par les caractères magnétiques internationaux. Cette relation a été rendue plus vraisemblable par le dépouillement du matériel d'autopsies de 13 instituts pathologiques de l'Allemagne occidentale (226 embolies).

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Mit 5 Textabbildungen.     

Differential subsidence driving the formation of mounded stratigraphy in deep-water sediments; Palaeocene, central North Sea

Deep-water Palaeocene strata of the East Central Graben, UK North Sea, are characterised by elongate depressions and elevations parallel with the palaeotransport direction and with underlying structural lineaments. Palaeozoic and mesozoic faults underlying the basin were briefly re-activated during the Palaeocene, affecting the seabed topography in the form of gentle folding, faulting and slope instability. Two types of mounded features formed in response to the tectonically induced seabed structuration: (i) deformational mounded morphology, a product of syndepositional faulting and mass wasting, (ii) non-deformational mounded morphology, interpreted to result from changing flow dynamics as flows travelled over the deformed sea floor, accentuating the structural topography by means of localised erosion and deposition. This study shows how differential subsidence acted as the ultimate control behind a range of processes leading to mounded stratigraphy. The models of the origin of the mounded morphologies are novel in the context of the North-Sea Palaeocene and have implications for the prediction of lithology in mounded basinal deposits, in the North Sea and elsewhere.     

Inputs of iron,manganese and aluminium to surface waters of the Northeast Atlantic Ocean and the European continental shelf

Dissolved Fe, Mn and Al concentrations (dFe, dMn and dAl hereafter) in surface waters and the water column of the Northeast Atlantic and the European continental shelf are reported. Following an episode of enhanced Saharan dust inputs over the Northeast Atlantic Ocean prior and during the cruise in March 1998, surface concentrations were enhanced up to 4 nmol L^− 1 dFe, 3 nmol L^− 1 dMn and 40 nmol L^− 1 dAl and returned to 0.6 nmol L^− 1 dFe, 0.5 nmol L^− 1 dMn and 10 nmol L^− 1 dAl towards the end of the cruise three weeks later. A simple steady state model (MADCOW, [Measures, C.I., Brown, E.T., 1996. Estimating dust input to the Atlantic Ocean using surface water aluminium concentrations. In: Guerzoni. S. and Chester. R. (Eds.), The impact of desert dust across the Mediterranean, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, pp. 301–311.]) was used which relies on surface ocean dAl as a proxy for atmospheric deposition of mineral dust. We estimated dust input at 1.8 g m^− 2 yr^− 1 (range 1.0–2.9 g m^− 2 yr^− 1) and fluxes of dFe, dMn and dAl were inferred. Mixed layer steady state residence times for dissolved metals were estimated at 1.3 yr for dFe (range 0.3–2.9 yr) and 1.9 yr for dMn (range 1.0–3.8 yr). The dFe residence time may have been overestimated and it is shown that 0.2–0.4 yr is probably more realistic. Using vertical dFe versus Apparent Oxygen Utilization (AOU) relationships as well as a biogeochemical two end member mixing model, regenerative Fe:C ratios were estimated respectively to be 20 ± 6 and 22 ± 5 μmol Fe:mol C. Combining the atmospheric flux of dFe to the upper water column with the latter Fe:C ratio, a ‘new iron’ supported primary productivity of only 15% (range 7%–56%) was deduced. This would imply that 85% (range 44–93%) of primary productivity could be supported by regenerated dFe. The open ocean surface data suggest that the continental shelf is probably not a major source of dissolved metals to the surface of the adjacent open ocean. Continental shelf concentrations of dMn, dFe, and to a lesser extent dAl, were well correlated with salinity and express mixing of a fresher continental end member with Atlantic Ocean water flowing onto the shelf. This means probably that diffusive benthic fluxes did not play a major role at the time of the cruise.     

Precise Positioning of Ocean Bottom Seismometer by Using Acoustic Transponder and CTD

We have obtained precise estimates of the position of Ocean Bottom Seismometers (OBS) on the sea bottom. Such estimates are usually uncertain due to their free falling deployment. This uncertainty is small enough, or is correctable, with OBS spacing of more than 10 km usually employed in crustal studies. But, for example, if the spacing is only 200 m for OBS reflection studies, estimates of the position with an accuracy of the order of 10 m or more is required.The determination was carried out with the slant range data, ship position data and a 1D acoustic velocity structure calculated from Conductivity–Temperature–Depth (CTD) data, if they are available. The slant range data were obtained by an acoustic transponder system designed for the sinker releasing of the OBS or travel time data of direct water wave arrivals by airgun shooting. The ship position data was obtained by a single GPS or DGPS. The method of calculation was similar to those used for earthquake hypocenter determination.The results indicate that the accuracy of determined OBS positions is enough for present OBS experiments, which becomes order of 1 m by using the DGPS and of less than 10 m by using the single GPS, if we measure the distance from several positions at the sea surface by using a transponder system which is not designed for the precise ranging. The geometry of calling positions is most important to determine the OBS position, even if we use the data with larger error, such as the direct water wave arrival data. The 1D acoustic velocity structure should be required for the correct depth of the OBS. Although it is rare that we use a CTD, even an empirical velocity structure works well.     

Multi-proxy geoarchaeological study redefines understanding of the paleocoastlines and ancient harbours of Liman Tepe (Iskele, Turkey)

Determining the position of Liman Tepe's (ancient `Clazomenae') archaeological features relative to the coastline is important for understanding their intended function and reconstructing the character of Aegean maritime activities and sea-based trade. Previous attempts at reconstructing harbour locations at Liman Tepe relied on extrapolating paleoenvironments based on modern surface topography. In light of this, samples from a sediment coring survey and terrestrial and underwater archaeological excavations were analysed using multi-proxy geoarchaeological methods to determine paleoenvironmental facies. Micropaleontological (foraminifera), sedimentological (grain-size analysis) and geochemical (δ¹³C/δ¹⁸O) analyses resulted in the reconstruction of the coastal paleogeomorphology, including the presence and absence of ancient harbouring areas. Neither of the previous coastal reconstructions was supported by the new results. Instead, two separate harbouring areas were recognized, one coincident with the Early Bronze Age (4800–3900 years bp) and a second during the archaic and classical periods ( c. 2800–2400 years bp). These results emphasize the necessity for multi-proxy geoarchaeological studies when approaching coastal archaeological sites as a means to reconstruct paleocoastal geomorphology and understand ancient maritime development better .     

Validation of very high cloud droplet number concentrations in air masses transported thousands of kilometres over the ocean

The microstructure of orographic clouds related to the aerosol present was studied during the second Aerosol Characterisation Experiment (ACE‐2). Very high cloud droplet number concentrations (almost 3000 cm⁻³) were observed. These high concentrations occurred when clouds formed on a hill slope at Tenerife in polluted air masses originating in Europe that had transported the order of 1000 km over the Atlantic Ocean. The validity of the measured droplet number concentrations was investigated by comparing with measurements of the aerosol upstream of the cloud and cloud interstitial aerosol. Guided by distributions of the ratios between the measurements, three criteria of typically 30% in maximum deviation were applied to the measurements to test their validity. Agreement was found for 88% of the cases. The validated data set spans droplet number concentrations of 150–3000 cm⁻³. The updraught velocity during the cloud formation was estimated to 2.2 m s⁻¹ by model calculations, which is typical of cumuliform clouds. The results of the present study are discussed in relation to cloud droplet number concentrations previously reported in the literature. The importance of promoting the mechanistic understanding of the aerosol/cloud interaction and the use of validation procedures of cloud microphysical parameters is stressed in relation to the assessment of the indirect climatic effect of aerosols.     

Particle sedimentation patterns in the eastern Fram Strait during 2000–2005: Results from the Arctic long-term observatory HAUSGARTEN

Since 2000 long-term measurements of vertical particle flux have been performed with moored sediment traps at the long-term observatory HAUSGARTEN in the eastern Fram Strait (79°N/4°E). The study area, which is seasonally covered with ice, is located in the confluence zone of the northward flowing warm saline Atlantic water with cold, low salinity water masses of Arctic origin. Current projections suggest that this area is particularly vulnerable to global warming. Total matter fluxes and components thereof (carbonate, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, biogenic silica, biomarkers) revealed a bimodal seasonal pattern showing elevated sedimentation rates during May/June and August/September. Annual total matter flux (dry weight, DW) at ～300 m depth varied between 13 and 32 g m^?2 a^?1 during 2000 and 2005. Of this total flux 6–13% was due to CaCO₃, 4–21% to refractory particulate organic carbon (POC), and 3–8% to biogenic particulate silica (bPSi). The annual flux of all biogenic components together was almost constant during the period studied (8.5–8.8 g m^?2 a^?1), although this varied from 27% to 67% of the total annual flux. The fraction was lowest in a year characterized by the longest duration of ice coverage (91 and 70 days for the calendar year and summer season, May–September, respectively). Biomarker analyses revealed that organic matter originating from marine sources was present in excess of terrigenious material in the sedimented matter throughout most of the study period. Fluxes of recognizable phyto- and protozooplankton cells amounted up to 60×10⁶ m^?2 d^?1. Diatoms and coccolithophorids were the most abundant organisms. Diatoms, mainly pennate species, dominated during the first years of the investigation. A shift in the composition occurred during the last year when numbers of diatoms declined considerably, leading to a dominance of coccolithoporids. This was also reflected in a decrease in the sedimentation of bPSi. The sedimentation of biogenic matter, however, did not differ from the amount observed during the previous years. Among the larger organisms, pteropods at times contributed significantly to both the total matter and CaCO₃, fluxes.     

MOSES, a promising concept for marine research

The objective of the EUROMAR project Mobile Station for Environmental Services (MOSES) is the optimization, promotion and harmonization of the design and use of containerized laboratories. The project is designed to study and implement innovative mobile laboratories having the same dimensions as standard shipping containers. They are used in specific environmental activities and designed to be installed on board a ship, an offshore platform or used on land as a multi-activity operative base.