21世纪高新技术与我国矿业的发展与展望

煤炭地下气化(UCG)作为变革性的采煤技术,是我国低碳高效煤炭能源结构转型方向的重要选择,也是为保障我国碳达峰、碳中和(“双碳”)目标顺利实现而可探索的潜在重要途径。通过文献调研,梳理了澳大利亚UCG技术探索历程,依据现场试验案例分析探讨了澳大利亚UCG技术探索的得失,其中的经验可为我国UCG技术发展提供借鉴。结果显示,澳大利亚UCG技术探索可追索到20世纪70年代,随后开展了长达15年的UCG现场试验,先后启动3个UCG示范工程,成功实施了迄今为止在前苏联之外最大规模的现场示范;尽管探索历程“一波三折”,但UCG技术进步显著,相关成就为全球UCG产业化努力做出了示范。澳大利亚UCG技术探索与发展历程显示：引入民间资本是支撑费用巨大的UCG技术研发及现场试验的可行途径,充分考察并借鉴全球经验可使UCG现场试验少走弯路,利用合成气生产多元化最终产品是UCG产业发展的重要方向。在工程技术方面：钻井设计及工程质量是确保UCG炉安全高效运行的关键,尤其是固井材料选择应考虑井壁受热产生的收缩膨胀性能;纯氧注入装置应设计自动跳闸系统以保证UCG生产安全,整体工程任何环节都需要严格保证气化炉及其管线密封质量,前期UCG地质评价与选址十分必要;UCG设计需要综合考虑各方面因素,确保在单炉滚动式投产基础上实现气化区炉井最佳配置。同时,系统而详细的产业政策建设是推进UCG产业化的基本保障,企业与政府主管部门事前沟通充分程度往往决定着UCG项目的成败。

     

钻井液条件下煤芯煤层气解吸-扩散模型及逸散量求取

现行各类煤芯煤层气逸散量推算方法, 均未考虑煤芯煤层气在不同钻井液环境下解吸过程的差异, 可能导致煤层含气量测定结果出现偏差. 为此, 本文将钻井液条件下煤芯煤层气解吸视为一个变压解吸过程, 以Langmuir方程和Fick第一定律为基础, 综合考虑钻井液条件下影响煤层气解吸扩散的主要因素, 通过物理模拟实验和理论探讨, 建立了考虑游离气在内的钻井液条件下煤芯煤层气解吸-扩散模型及逸散量数值模拟求取方法. 结果显示: 数值模拟能够较为准确地拟合t-Q_t物理模拟曲线, 提钻过程最终解吸量数值模拟值和物理模拟值总体较为接近. 通过对实测解吸数据求取逸散量发现, 当逸散时间较长时, 数值模拟结果普遍大于直接法计算结果. 作者由此认为, 采用中国目前方法推得的煤芯煤层气逸散量普遍偏低, 有必要在深入研究基础上考虑对中国现行国家标准予以修订.     

煤层显微序列数学模拟及其在煤储层物性评价中初步应用

应用马尔柯夫过程的原理和方法,建立起描述煤层形成过程或显微序列的数学模式,进而通过对研究实例中煤层结构以及煤岩分层孔比表面积的模式拟合,可以模拟出各种显微煤岩类型在煤层中的分布部位以及煤层中煤层甲烷的有利储存部位,对厚煤层物性和储气性能的非均质性特征作出预测,为煤层气开采地质条件评价提供了一条新的思路。     

NADPH-diaphorase activity in the central nervous system of the Gray mussel Crenomytilus grayanus (Dunker) under stress conditions: a histochemical study

NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) is a histochemical marker for nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and is widely used to identify nitric oxide (NO) producing cells in the central nervous system (CNS) of both vertebrates and invertebrates. NADPH-d histochemistry was used to quantitatively characterize putative NO-producing neurons in the CNS of the Gray mussel Crenomytilus grayanus subjected to two kinds of stress, environmental pollution and hypoxia, the latter caused by the mollusk transportation in a small volume of water. Mussels were sampled from one relatively clean (reference) and four polluted sites in Amursky and Ussuriysky Bays (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan) in August, 2003. The number of NADPH-d-positive neurons was estimated and enzyme activity was determined from the optical density of the formazan precipitate in the CNS ganglia at 0, 3, and 72 h after sampling. Just after sampling, NADPH-d-positive neurons were found in the cerebropleural, visceral, and pedal ganglia. The number and staining intensity of NADPH-d-positive neurons were significantly higher in the pedal ganglia than the other two ganglia. There were significant differences in the number of NADPH-d-positive neurons and enzyme activity between the mussels from the reference and heavily polluted stations. The proportion and staining intensity of NADPH-d-positive neurons were maximum in the pedal ganglia of the mussels from the heavily polluted station in Amursky Bay. Transportation of mussels in a limited volume of water for 3h resulted in a significant increase in the proportion and staining intensity of NADPH-d-positive neurons in all ganglia. In mollusks from all stations kept in aerated aquaria for 72 h, both the proportion and staining intensity of NADPH-d-positive neurons did not differ significantly from the initial level. However, the differences in the proportion and staining intensity of NADPH-d-positive neurons between the reference and heavily polluted stations were significant. The present results suggest that NO is involved in mollusk nerve cell adaptation to environmental changes.     

Chronic toxicity of tributyltin on development and reproduction of the hermaphroditic snail Physa fontinalis: Influence of population density

Tributyltin (TBT) is toxic to aquatic organisms and occurs widely in sediments and surface waters of American and European rivers and lakes. This study investigated TBT effects on development and population growth rate (r) of the common, hermaphroditic European freshwater snail Physa fontinalis. Egg ropes of similar age (1-3 days old) were exposed to a control (solvent only) and nominal concentrations of 0.01, 1.0 and 10 microg TBT l(-1) in triplicate. Hatching and mortality were recorded during 0-40 days of exposure. At day 40, 18 juveniles were randomly selected from each concentration (i.e., six from each test vessel) and individually exposed to the same concentration of TBT in 50 ml beakers. A cohort of 20 juveniles was allowed to continue developing in the original test vessels, so that individual and grouped results could be compared. Mortality and reproduction were recorded at 48-h intervals throughout the study period (110 days). Abnormal embryonic development was observed at 1 and 10 microg TBT l(-1). Although 50% of eggs hatched at 10 microg TBT l(-1), all these hatchlings failed to survive. Survivorship of hatchlings was significantly reduced by TBT at 1 microgl(-1). In general, there was a delay in egg production in isolated snails when compared with the grouped snails. Survival, fecundity and population growth rate (r) were reduced in both individual and grouped P. fontinalis at 1.0 microg TBT l(-1). Only a decline in r was observed in snails exposed individually to 0.01 microg TBT l(-1).     

“小块并大块”：集约耕地更惠民生——广西龙州县实施上龙土地整理项目纪实

如何让土地产生更大的效益,一直是国土资源管理部门在不断探索攻克的难题,而集约科学地使用土地,是他们开展工作的思路。     

生物成因煤层气实验研究现状与进展

总结了当前国内外关于生物成因煤层气生成机理及其影响因素、煤层中厌氧菌及其与煤层生物甲烷生成的关系和生物成因煤层气生成模拟实验研究方面的最新进展。细菌计数和分子生态学研究是考察煤层厌氧菌数量和生理特征的主要方法。煤抽提物的有机地球化学分析验证了煤层可作为生气基质产气,而生物模拟实验研究了煤层生物甲烷生成过程中各种影响因素的影响特征。国内对煤层厌氧菌的研究主要集中在细菌计数和富集培养上,而国外研究则更多关注煤中本源产甲烷菌的分子生态学特征和菌种的改良研究。     

沉积体系与煤层气储盖特征之关系探讨

沉积作用通过聚煤特征、含煤岩系的岩性、岩相组成及其空间组合在一定程度上控制着煤层气的保存条件,我国存在具有一定时空展布规律的6种煤储层/盖层基本条件：浅海－障壁海岸体系对煤储层的封盖能力较强;浅海－无障壁海岸体系多数导致对煤层气的封盖能力变差;近海三角洲体系的封盖沉积条件一般较好;河流体系如果沉积单元结构完整则封盖条件较好,若煤储层直接顶板为河道相或决口扇相粗－中粒砂岩则对煤层气的保存十分不利;湖泊体系对煤储层的封盖能力较强;冲积扇体系的封盖能力总体上极差。沉积体系与煤层气储盖特征以及煤储层含气性之间的这种耦合关系,不仅在华南、华北聚煤区呈现出区域展布规律,而且对于特定矿区煤储层含气量分布具有控制作用,是煤储层含气性预测的重要参考依据。     

“多层叠置独立含煤层气系统”形成的沉积控制因素

基于黔西地区晚二叠世含煤地层的实测资料, 初步探讨了"多层叠置独立含煤层气系统"形成的沉积控制因素.研究表明, 含煤地层的沉积条件奠定了"多层叠置独立含煤层气系统"的物质及物性基础, 层序地层格架特点限定了含气单元间含气性的连通性.最大海泛面附近的菱铁质泥岩等低渗透岩层控制了垂向次级含气单元间的含气性相对独立, 且煤层含气量与海平面升降之间存在一定的相关性, 即最大海侵面附近煤层含气量相对较低, 此界面似乎可作为含煤层气系统内独立含气单元的成藏边界; 层序界面沟通了含气单元间的含气联系, 使得靠近层序界面附近的煤层具有相似的含气性特征.