Ethnic Place Identity Within A Parisian Neighborhood

The Goutte d'Or neighborhood of Paris has long been seen as an impoverished yet colorful quarter of the city. In recent years, it has also developed a reputation as a center for immigrants. Three populations now share the neighborhood: the European French, the Maghrebi immigrant population and their children, and the newest population of migrants from former Francophone colonies. This paper examines how the Goutte d'Or's social and ethnic identity is revealed in the built environment and in its social and economic activity. This neighborhood demonstrates how different communities and place identities coexist. It also shows how global networks of migration, exchange, and visits infuse local places. The Goutte d'Or distills many aspects of French immigrant identities, providing an example for increasing numbers of immigrant neighborhoods in France and across the world.     

Formation of copper—iron sulfide minerals during corrosion of artifacts and possible implications for pseudogilding

Adherent films of the gold-colored metal sulfides pyrite (FeS₂), pyrrhotite (Fe_1−xS), and chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂) are known to exist on metallic and nonmetallic artifacts of Classic times. Consideration of the action of bacterial consortia containing sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) during microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) and analyses of appropriate trajectories on Eh-pH stability diagrams indicate that these films can be understood either as a result of natural processes over archaeological times or of deliberate pseudogilding. Methods of discriminating natural sulfide deposition from pseudogilding are suggested. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Coupled changes in sand grain size and sand transport driven by changes in the upstream supply of sand in the Colorado River: Relative importance of changes in bed-sand grain size and bed-sand area

Sand transport in the Colorado River in Marble and Grand canyons was naturally limited by the upstream supply of sand. Prior to the 1963 closure of Glen Canyon Dam, the river exhibited the following four effects of sand supply limitation: (1) hysteresis in sediment concentration, (2) hysteresis in sediment grain size coupled to the hysteresis in sediment concentration, (3) production of inversely graded flood deposits, and (4) development or modification of a lag between the time of a flood peak and the time of either maximum or minimum (depending on reach geometry) bed elevation. Construction and operation of the dam has enhanced the degree to which the first two of these four effects are evident, and has not affected the degree to which the last two effects of sand supply limitation are evident in the Colorado River in Marble and Grand canyons. The first three of the effects involve coupled changes in suspended-sand concentration and grain size that are controlled by changes in the upstream supply of sand. During tributary floods, sand on the bed of the Colorado River fines; this causes the suspended sand to fine and the suspended-sand concentration to increase, even when the discharge of water remains constant. Subsequently, the bed is winnowed of finer sand, the suspended sand coarsens, and the suspended-sand concentration decreases independently of discharge. Also associated with these changes in sand supply are changes in the fraction of the bed that is covered by sand. Thus, suspended-sand concentration in the Colorado River is likely regulated by both changes in the bed-sand grain size and changes in the bed-sand area. A physically based flow and suspended-sediment transport model is developed, tested, and applied to data from the Colorado River to evaluate the relative importance of changes in the bed-sand grain size and changes in the bed-sand area in regulating suspended-sand concentration. Although the model was developed using approximations for steady, uniform flow, and other simplifications that are not met in the Colorado River, the results nevertheless support the idea that changes in bed-sand grain size are much more important than changes in bed-sand area in regulating the concentration of suspended sand.     

The petrogenesis of the Edough amphibolites, Annaba, NE Algeria: two unrelated basic magmas and the lherzolite-harzburgite residue of a possible magma source

Summary The conditions of metamorphism and petrogenesis of Kef Lakhal amphibolites and associated amphibolite and olivine-rich lenses are discussed. The Kef Lakhal amphibolites contain plagioclase ranging from An₈₅ and An₁₂ and Ca-poor normally zoned garnet (< 9 wt% CaO) and were last metamorphosed to upper amphibolite facies. The amphibolite lenses invariably contain calcic plagioclase (An_97-78) and Ca-rich (up to 14 wt% CaO) doubly zoned garnets. Based on garnet zoning, it is found that the lenses experienced the three metamorphisms recorded elsewhere in the massif whereas the main amphibolites suffered only the last two metamorphisms, the last of which reached conditions of about T= 700 ± 80 °C and P= 8–10 Kb. This agrees with two unrelated igneous suites and is supported by the chemistry of the rocks and quantitative modelling. The Kef Lakhal amphibolites were formed by olivine-dominated fractional crystallisation processes from melts derived by partial melting of a homogeneous source and preserve MORB affinities. The amphibolite lenses were also evolved by fractional processes dominated by olivine but from a less homogeneous source and have island arc characteristics. The associated olivine-rich lenses are lherzolite-harzburgite mantle residua which suffered up to 35% melting. Bearing in mind the lack of isotopic and structural information, the data presented in this study indicate that fractional crystallisation of liquids produced through non model melting of these residua does not reproduce the composition of either of the amphibolites. Fractionation of melts similar to those derived from the Ronda peridotites yield compositions similar to the Edough amphibolites.

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Die Entstehung der Edough Amphibolite, Annaba, NE Algerien; zwei basische Magmen und das Lherzolit-Harzburgit-Residuum einer möglichen Magmenquelle

Zusammenfassung Die Metamorphosebedingungen und die Petrogenese der Amphibolite von Kef Lakhal und der mit ihnen assoziierten Amphibolit- und Olivin-reichen Linsen werden diskutiert. Die Kef Lakhal-Amphibolite enthalten Plagioklas, dessen Zusammensetzung von An₈₅ bis An₁₂ schwankt, und Ca-armen, normal zonierten Granat (< 9 Gew % CaO). Sie wurden unter Bedingungen der obenen Amphibolitfacies metamorphosiert. Die Amphibolit-Linsen führen stets Ca-reichen (An_97-78) Plagioklas und doppelt zonierten Granat (bis zu 14 Gew % Ca0). Die Granatzonierung läßt erkennen, daß die Linsen drei Metamorphose-Phasen, die auch sonst in dem Massiv nachgewiesen wurden, ausgesetzt waren. Die letzte Phase erreichte Bedingungen von ungefähr T = 700 ± 80 °C und P = 8–10 kb. Dies weist auf zwei, miteinander nicht verwandte magmatische Gesteinsabfolgen hin; dieses Konzept wird durch die chemische Zusammensetzung und durch quantitative Modellierung unterstützt. Die Kef Lakhal-Amphibolite wurden durch Olivin-dominierte fraktionierte Kristallisation aus Schmelzen gebildet, die durch partielle Aufschmelzung einer homogenen Quelle entstanden sind und MORB-Charakteristik haben. Die Amphibolit-Linsen gehen auch auf Olivin-dominierte Fraktionierungs-Prozesse zurück, hatten aber eine weniger homogene Quelle und zeigen Inselbogen-Charakteristika. Die assoziierten Olivin-reichen Linsen sind Lherzolit-Harzburgit Mantel-Residua, die von bis zu 35% Aufschmelzung betroffen waren. Obwohl zu berücksichtigen ist, daß isotopengeologische und strukturelle Daten fehlen, zeigen die Ergebnisse, daß fraktionierte Kristallisation von Schmelzen, die durch Non-Modell Aufschmelzung der Residua entstanden sind, nicht die Zusammensetzung der Amphibolite reproduzieren können. Hingegen liefert Fraktionierung von Schmelzen, die denen des RondaPeridotits ähnlich sind, Zusammensetzungen, die denen der Edough Amphibolite ähnlich sind.

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With 11 Figures     

Paleoearthquakes in the Uimon basin (Gorny Altai)

Paleoseismological studies confirm that the Uimon basin is thrust by its northern mountain border along the active South Terekta fault. The latest motion along the fault in the 7-8th centuries AD induced an earthquake with a magnitude of M_w= 7.4-7.7 and a shaking intensity of I = 9-11 on the MSK-64 scale. The same fault generated another event (M > 7, I = 9-10), possibly, about 16 kyr ago, which triggered gravity sliding. The rockslide dammed the Uimon valley and produced a lake, where lacustrine deposition began about 14 ± 1 kyr ago, and a later M > 7 (I = 9-10) earthquake at ~ 6 ka caused the dam collapse and the lake drainage. Traces of much older earthquakes that occurred within the Uimon basin are detectable from secondary deformation structures (seismites) in soft sediments deposited during the drainage of a Late Pleistocene ice-dammed lake between 100 and 90 ka and in ~ 77 ka alluvium. The magnitude and intensity of these paleoearthquakes were at least M > 5.0-5.5 and I > 6-7.     

Variations in exospheric density at heights near 1100km, derived from satellite orbits

In an earlier paper, values of exospheric density were obtained from the orbit of Echo 2 for the years 1964–1965. The results indicated a semi-annual variation in density by a factor of between 2 and 3, considerably larger than predicted by existing atmospheric models.

These studies have now been extended to the beginning of 1967, using both Echo 2 and Calsphere 1, to show how the density is responding to increasing solar activity. Variations in density during 1964 have been analysed in more detail. The long-term variation associated with the solar cycle and the short-term variations associated with magnetic and solar disturbances agree with the variations expected on the basis of current models. The semi-annual variation is persisting to higher levels of solar activity, and although its amplitude is diminishing the factor of variation was still 1.6 in 1966.     

Homology of solar flare-associated radio events

The concept of homology, introduced by Ellison, Mc Kenna, and Rceid (1960) for optical flares, can be extended to flare-associated radio events. Successive flares within the same centre of activity sometimes produce radio events that are remarkably similar. The similarity amounts to the fact that they extend over about the same range(s) in frequency, producing at each frequency responses of comparable intensity and duration. On some occasions the intensity curves at individual frequencies show even detailed resemblance. The occurrence of homologous radio events is commonly restricted to periods of less than 48 hours.Without being homologous, radio events that occur in the same centre of activity may present a common characteristic that is typical for that centre. Two such characteristics are (1) the production of radio responses at centimetric, decimetric and metric frequencies, and (2) the impulsiveness of microwave outbursts. The distribution of time intervals during which such bursts occur is compared with the same distribution for homologous events (Figure 3).     

Riometer observations in the polar caps of solar cosmic ray events during the IQSY

During the period of the IQSY, January 1964 through December 1965, the sun remained quiet, accelerating few energetic particles. There were many instances during the IQSY when lowenergy detectors on satellites and space probes registered small intensity increases. However, few of these events were associated with protons of energies exceeding 10 MeV. Moreover, the maximum intensities (E _p > 500 keV) were typically 1–8/cm²sec ster. Most of these events were below the threshold of riometer detection.The largest solar cosmic ray event observed in 1964 by polar-based riometers was that of March 16. This event was observed by 30 and 50 Mc/s riometers at McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, and Shepherd Bay, N.W.T., Canada.The largest event in 1965 occurred on February 5 and was the largest during the IQSY. It was associated with a class 2 flare at about 1750 UT, February 5. The propagation time between the sun and Earth was about one hour. This event was well observed by satellites, space probes, and riometers.This paper discusses primarily the 5 February 1965 event. Some discussion is also given to the 16 March 1964 event, other small events during the IQSY, and the recent event in March 1966.     

Stellar and solar flares

Some ideas are developed concerning solar flares which have been presented earlier by the author (Schatzman, 1966a). Emphasis is laid on the problem of energy transport; from the energy supply to the region of the optical flare, on the storage of low energy cosmic ray particles in a magnetic bottle before the beginning of the optical flare, and the mechanism which triggers both the optical flare, and the production of high-energy cosmic rays. The relation between solar and stellar flares is considered.Lecture given at Goddard Space Flight Center, November 4, 1966.     

Symplectic Mappings of Co-orbital Motion in the Restricted Problem of Three Bodies

The dynamics of co-orbital motion in the restricted three-body problem are investigated by symplectic mappings. Analytical and semi-numerical mappings have been developed and studied in detail. The mappings have been tested by numerical integration of the equations of motion. These mappings have been proved to be useful for a quick determination of the phase space structure reflecting the main characteristics of the dynamics of the co-orbital problem.