利用多光谱数据编绘怀俄明州山前地带白垩系页岩岩相图

岩相是最小的岩性单元,它能在盆地分析中用于确定沉积环境和古地理.它可指示单一的沉积事件,并可依颜色、结构、成分和沉积为造来决定.岩相图的编绘依赖于调查者在野外的判别,这对于巨厚而单一的页岩层系而言是特别困难的.我们发现热红外(8~14μm)和陆地卫星可见光一近红外图象提供了区分怀俄明州温德河与比格霍恩盆地Cody页岩层系的方法.用热红外和可见光一近红外图象与常规野外工作及实验室技术相结合,提供了怀俄明州山前地带36Ma年前发生的有关海平面变动的新认识.     

多米尼群和蓬戈拉群(南非德兰士瓦)底部前寒武纪古土壤的化学和矿物特征

我们研究了发现于(元古宙最下部)多米尼群及(太古宇)蓬戈拉群的沉积岩与下伏花岗岩(南非德兰士瓦)之间的蚀变带。该蚀变带有一过渡的下部界线,原生火成矿物向上到与上覆沉积岩接触处全部渐次破坏。Ca、Mg、Na、P和Mn在该带往上逐渐流失。化学和矿物变化以及可用的地层证据都与这些带所形成的古土壤是28—30亿年前前寒武纪风化作用产物的解释完全符合。古土壤形成后又遭到交代作用和变质作用。眼下古土壤中见到的绢云母可能是原始泥土经低温钾交代作用形成的。前蓬戈拉群古土壤中的红柱石可能由保存地下水流和钾交代作用的不透水带中的原始泥土经变质而生成。调查了三个地方的多米尼古土壤。除铁的性状外,上述三个地点的风化作用结果相似。有一处丧失了20％的铁,而另一处竟失去了75％和80％的原始铁含量。铁丧失量的差异可能是由于在颗粒大小和地形的活动中土壤通气量及大气圈气体的扩散所发生的变化所致。铁丧失量的变化可以用于把某些制约条件放在前寒武纪大气圈的组分上。受多米尼古土壤(上覆含铀砾岩)施加影响的特定制约条件,需要化学风化和温室效应,并可能存在扩散性的光化学氧化剂,氧分压和二氧化碳气体分压的可能范围:PO_2为0.02％到0.5 PAL(现代大气圈水平),PCO_2为5—30 PAL。     

卡尔曼滤波应用于河道流量预报

引言在大系统中总要出现实时的河道流量预报问题。这种需要可以起因于增大枯季径流以维持航运所需的水深,或对水质所需的流量,或因暴雨而需作洪水预报。在大流域里,要研制由索洛西——纳吉(Szollosi-Nagy)等人(1977年),托迪尼(Todini)等人(1976年)或布拉斯(Bras)和罗德里格——伊特伯(Rodriguez-Iturbe)(1976年)所描述的那种     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S167498711600030X

Proterozoic(pre-Ediacaran) glaciations occurred under strongly seasonal climates near sea level in low palaeolatitudes.Metre-scale primary sand wedges in Cryogenian periglacial deposits are identical to those actively forming,through the infilling of seasonal(winter) thermal contraction-cracks in permafrost by windblown sand,in present-day polar regions with a mean monthly air temperature range of40 ℃ and mean annual air temperatures of-20 ℃ or lower.Varve-like rhythmites with dropstones in Proterozoic glacial successions are consistent with an active seasonal freeze-thaw cycle.The seasonal(annual) oscillation of sea level recorded by tidal rhythmites in Cryogenian glacial successions indicates a significant seasonal cycle and extensive open seas.Palaeomagnetic data determined directly for Proterozoic glacial deposits and closely associated rocks indicate low palaeolatitudes:Cryogenian deposits in South Australia accumulated at 10°,most other Cryogenian deposits at 20° and Palaeoproterozoic deposits at 15° palaeolatitude.Palaeomagnetic data imply that the Proterozoic geomagnetic field approximated a geocentric axial dipole,hence palaeolatitudes represent geographic latitudes.The Cryogenian glacial environment included glacier-free,continental permafrost regions with ground frozen on a kyr time-scale,aeolian sand-sheets,extensive and long-lived open seas,and an active hydrological cycle.This palaeoenvironment conflicts with the 'snowball Earth' and 'slushball Earth' hypotheses,which cannot accommodate large seasonal changes of temperature near the equator.Consequently,their proponents have attempted to refute the evidence for strong seasonality by introducing Popperian'auxiliary assumptions'.However,non-actualistic arguments that the Cryogenian sand wedges indicate diurnal or weakly seasonal temperature changes are based on misunderstandings of periglacial processes.Modelling of a strongly seasonal climate for a frozen-over Earth is invalidated by the evidence for persistent open seas and glacier-free continental regions during Cryogenian glaciations,and gives a mean monthly air temperature range of only 10 ℃ for 10° latitude.By contrast,a strongly seasonal climate in low palaeolatitudes,based on the actualistic interpretation of cryogenic sand wedges and other structures,is consistent with a high obliquity of the ecliptic(54°) during Proterozoic low-latitude glaciations,whereby the equator would be cooler than the poles,on average,and global seasonality would be greatly amplified.     

Interstellar water in meteorites?

D/H ratios of two meteorites (Renazzo CR and Semarkona LL3), which are known to exhibit the largest departures from the terrestrial hydrogen isotopic ratios, have been determined with the CRPG Nancy ion microprobe. Correlations between the D/H ratios and the chemical compositions (H2O, K, Si, C/H) of plausible hydrogen carriers were observed. From these correlations, it is possible to show that, contrary to previous interpretations, phyllosilicates are the carriers of the deuterium-rich hydrogen in Semarkona and Renazzo: 870 x 10(-6) > or = D/H > or = 670 x 10(-6) (+4600 > or = deltaD > or = 3300%) and > or = 320 x 10(-6) (deltaD > or = 1050%), respectively. Hydrogen is also present in the chondrules of these two deuterium-rich meteorites. The large differences in D/H ratios between matrix (up to 700 x 10(-6), deltaD up to +3500%) and chondrules (from 120 x 10(-6) (deltaD = -230%) to 230 x 10(-6) (deltaD = +475%)) show that hydrogen in chondrules cannot originate from the matrix by simple contamination or diffusion processes. The high D/H ratios measured in water-bearing minerals could not have been produced thermally within a dense solar nebula. Chemical reactions (i.e., involving ions or radicals), taking place in interstellar space or in the outer regions of the nebula at 110-140K are presently the only conceivable mechanisms capable of yielding such isotopic enrichments. Water in these meteorites should no longer be considered as a simple product of nebular condensation under equilibrium thermodynamic conditions at T > or = 160K.     

古代海洋沉积物中沉积速度与有机碳总量间的关系(上)

沉积盆地的碳氢化合物潜量取决于是否存在良好的生油岩。石油勘探中的一个主要问题就是要在边远地区的陆上或海洋盆地中建立用于评价生油岩潜力的准则。