WRF模式对青藏高原那曲地区大气边界层模拟适用性研究

采用WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）模式4种边界层参数化方案对青藏高原那曲地区边界层特征进行了数值模拟,并利用"第三次青藏高原大气科学试验"在青藏高原那曲地区5个站点的观测资料对模拟结果进行验证,分析不同参数化方案在那曲地区的适用性。研究表明,YSU、MYJ、ACM2和BouLac方案对2 m气温和地表温度的模拟偏低。BouLac方案模拟的地表温度偏差较小。通过对能量平衡各分量的对比分析发现,温度模拟偏低可能是向下长波辐射模拟偏低以及感热通量和潜热通量交换过强导致的。对于边界层风、位温和相对湿度垂直结构的模拟,局地方案的模拟效果均优于非局地方案。BouLac方案对那曲地区近地层温度、边界层内位温和相对湿度的垂直分布模拟效果较好。      

基于全视野数字图像的能见度估算方法

基于全视野数字图像的能见度估算方法是将全视野图像大气透射率与大气能见度通过曲线拟合方法建立联系,得到估算模型进行能见度估算。首先通过历史全视野图像和对应时刻的大气能见度建立样本数据集,再利用暗原色先验理论获取全视野图像大气透射率,通过多项式拟合方法建立离散样本数据集中大气透射率与对应时刻大气能见度的关系,即全视野图像能见度估算模型,最终将所需估算时刻的数字图像输入估算模型进行能见度估算,得到大气能见度数值。结果表明:建立的基于全视野数字图像能见度估算模型在环境光照均匀时大气能见度估算值与能见度实测值有较好的一致性,可作为前向散射仪的补充观测方法,弥补其采样存在的局限性。     

克氏原鳌虾气象因子影响研究现状与展望

克氏原螯虾主要养殖在长江中下游地区,目前最主要的养殖模式为虾稻共作模式。大量研究结果表明,克氏原螯虾的生长发育与气象要素密切相关。水温在25-30℃时,克氏原螯虾生长较快;16-25℃水温范围内,温度越高,越有利于雌虾卵巢发育;20-30℃水温范围内,水温越高,受精卵孵化时间越短。光明和黑暗时间之比为16 h∶8 h时,最有利于雌虾性腺发育。与克氏原螯虾养殖有关的气象灾害主要有暴雨洪涝、高温热害、低温冷害。鉴于目前的养殖和气象因子影响研究及服务现状,建议气象部门开展虾-稻种养基地气象观测站网建设,开展气温与水温相关性和水温预报研究,以及气象要素对克氏原螯虾影响的定量化研究。     

Field determination for roughness length above the different non-erodible surfaces

Non-erodible elements, for its disturbance to the near-surface airflow, have been widely used in arid and semi-arid regions to protect the surface from wind erosion. Roughness length was usually used to evaluate the protection effect of non-erodible elements from wind erosion. In this study, the wind profiles above five types of non-erodible surfaces including gravel, wheat straw checkerboard barriers, cotton stem checkerboard barriers, shrubs, and herbs were measured and analyzed. The wind velocities above these surfaces increased with height approximately in logarithmic functions. The roughness length of different non-erodible surfaces was calculated by the functions of wind profiles. The results reveal that:(1) Roughness length increased with wind velocity in given wind velocity ranges. (2) On vegetative surfaces, wind did not effectively bend the stems. The threshold wind velocity for bending the stems of Achnatherum splendens was 4 m/s, 10 m/s for Agropyron cristatum, and for Artemisia ordosica, no obvious bending of stems even for wind velocity reaching 12 m/s. (3) Correlation analysis results show that the vegetation''s coverage and frontal area affect the roughness length more significantly than the other parameters. (4) The protective results of these non-erodible elements were evaluated. The checkerboard sand barriers made of cotton stem could provide more effective protection than that made of wheat straw. In the same coverage conditions, vegetation could provide more effective protection from wind erosion than gravel, and the blending of different non-erodible elements especially the combination of blending of vegeation and checkerboard sand barriers could provide more effective protection to the surface.     

Classifying natural-language spatial relation terms with random forest algorithm

The exponential growth of natural language text data in social media has contributed a rich data source for geographic information. However, incorporating such data source for GIS analysis faces tremendous challenges as existing GIS data tend to be geometry based while natural language text data tend to rely on natural language spatial relation (NLSR) terms. To alleviate this problem, one critical step is to translate geometric configurations into NLSR terms, but existing methods to date (e.g. mean value or decision tree algorithm) are insufficient to obtain a precise translation. This study addresses this issue by adopting the random forest (RF) algorithm to automatically learn a robust mapping model from a large number of samples and to evaluate the importance of each variable for each NLSR term. Because the semantic similarity of the collected terms reduces the classification accuracy, different grouping schemes of NLSR terms are used, with their influences on classification results being evaluated. The experiment results demonstrate that the learned model can accurately transform geometric configurations into NLSR terms, and that recognizing different groups of terms require different sets of variables. More importantly, the results of variable importance evaluation indicate that the importance of topology types determined by the 9-intersection model is weaker than metric variables in defining NLSR terms, which contrasts to the assertion of ‘topology matters, metric refines’ in existing studies.     

Morphometric and geological conditions for sediment accumulation in the Udava River,Outer Carpathians,Slovakia

The accumulation of sediment in river channels is a phenomenon that is not only influenced by the channel morphology, but also by the physical and geographical characteristics and the endogenous and exogenous processes taking place in the catchment. This paper presents an analysis of the impact the changes in lithological conditions have on the morphological and morphometric parameters of the Udava River channel and their relation to the channel accumulation forms representative of the river’s longitudinal profile as well as of its planform. Results document when accumulation forms occur and what is their spatial distribution within the longitudinal and cross-sectional river profiles. More resistant structures created sections with a lower degree of sedimentation, while in depression segments the degree of sedimentation was higher. With the increase in longitudinal slope, the impact of channel width on the average channel bar size increased. Also a difference in the accumulation was observed between the left and right bank which could be possibly explained by the impact of Coriolis force.     

观光旅游地客流时间分布特性的比较研究——以九寨沟、黄山及福建永安桃源洞鳞隐石林国家风景名胜区为例

旅游地与主要游客市场的空间结构（距离关系）在相当大程度上影响着游客年内分布、日变化等时间结构。旅游地旅游资源及旅游环境季节性特征也是游客年内分布的决定因子。     

华南涡旋暴雨的物理对比分析

低涡型暴雨是华南地区一种重要的暴雨类型,它常常发生在对流层低层天气尺度切变线上,虽难从气压场上找到,但它所造成的暴雨却很强。我们发现,常规天气图上似乎很弱的这类涡旋,却有较强的流场涡度和典型的散度分布,构成了强降水过程的必要物理条件。本文把它与热带气旋发展过程中的物理结构、能量变化和转换特征进行了诊断、对比分析,指出它们不仅三维物理量场分布差异较大,其发展过程中能量变化也有很大差异。热带气旋的K,值远大于切变线低涡,但K_φ的变化则相反,无论是其绝对值或它占总动能的比值,都不      

凤凰山花岗岩体构造系统分析及侵位机制

本文从宏观上对凤凰山岩体的区域构造位置、岩体侵位前后的构造演化过程及岩浆侵位时的动力学条件进行了论述;对岩体内部及接触带的面理、线理进行了磁组构测量、显微构造观察、包体应变测量及X光组构分析等系统研究,最终获得如下结论:该岩体侵位除有膨胀作用外,在岩体侵位后期还有过旋转运动,而且岩体侵位受到NNE向左旋剪切作用控制。      

宽甸岩金预测区指示元素的优选

本文介绍了在宽甸无已知金矿床地区岩金预测工作中优选指示元素的思路。依据金矿地球化学理论,参考成矿带内已知金矿地球化学资料初选指示元素作为化学分析项目。化学分析结果出来后,编制地球化学图件时,考虑到减轻图幅负担和编图工作量,突出有用找矿信息,我们利用元素的变异性和致矿系数筛选出具有明显变异性和较高致矿性的元素,在此基础上利用元素间统计相关性和空间相关性,保留与成矿元素Au有明显相关性的元素,作为优选出的指示元素。