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681.
Karel Hron Peter Filzmoser Patrice de Caritat Eva Fišerová Alžběta Gardlo 《Mathematical Geosciences》2017,49(6):797-814
The log ratio methodology converts compositional data, such as concentrations of chemical elements in a rock, from their original Aitchison geometry to interpretable real orthonormal coordinates, thereby allowing meaningful statistical processing and visualization. However, it must be taken into account that the original concentrations can be flawed by detection limit or imprecision problems that can severely affect the resulting coordinates. This paper aims to construct such orthonormal log ratio coordinates, called weighted pivot coordinates, that capture the relevant relative information about an original component and treat the redundant information in a controlled manner. Theoretical developments are supported by a thorough simulation study. Weighted pivot coordinates are then applied to the geochemical mapping of catchment outlet sediments from the National Geochemical Survey of Australia illustrating their advantage over possible alternatives. 相似文献
682.
Z. Şen 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1998,61(3-4):197-206
Summary Meteorological and hydrological drought occurrences along time and space take place randomly and therefore their scientific
quantifications are possible by the probabilistic methods. Herein drought occurrences are assumed to have spatial and temporal
stationarity with underlying independent generating mechanism. The drought stricken area is considered as composed of mutually
exclusive and collectively exhaustive subareas each with different probability of drought occurrence. Two types of spatio-temporal
drought formulations are presented. The first is referred to as the regional persistence model and it assumes that if any subarea is stricken by drougth it will remain to stay in this state till the whole area
is covered by drought. The second alternative is multi-seasonal model and it is based on the assumption that drought stricken area might recover and have wet period during the course of
time. The necessary theoretical probability distribution functions for partially drought stricken areas are derived based
on the Bernoulli trials both along time and space axis. The expectation and variance parameters are derived based on the percentage
of drought stricken area and the basic wet and dry spell probabilities. Necessary charts for practical purposes are prepared
and interpretations are given.
Received January 23, 1998 Revised June 30, 1998 相似文献
683.
Insect outbreaks are major disturbances that affect a land area similar to that of forest fires across North America. The recent mountain pine bark beetle (D endroctonus ponderosae) outbreak and its associated blue stain fungi (Grosmannia clavigera) are impacting water partitioning processes of forests in the Rocky Mountain region as the spatially heterogeneous disturbance spreads across the landscape. Water cycling may dramatically change due to increasing spatial heterogeneity from uneven mortality. Water and energy storage within trees and soils may also decrease, due to hydraulic failure and mortality caused by blue stain fungi followed by shifts in the water budget. This forest disturbance was unique in comparison to fire or timber harvesting because water fluxes were altered before significant structural change occurred to the canopy. We investigated the impacts of bark beetles on lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) stand and ecosystem level hydrologic processes and the resulting vertical and horizontal spatial variability in energy storage. Bark beetle-impacted stands had on average 57 % higher soil moisture, 1.5 °C higher soil temperature, and 0.8 °C higher tree bole temperature over four growing seasons compared to unimpacted stands. Seasonal latent heat flux was highly correlated with soil moisture. Thus, high mortality levels led to an increase in ecosystem level Bowen ratio as sensible heat fluxes increased yearly and latent heat fluxes varied with soil moisture levels. Decline in canopy biomass (leaf, stem, and branch) was not seen, but ground-to-atmosphere longwave radiation flux increased, as the ground surface was a larger component of the longwave radiation. Variability in soil, latent, and sensible heat flux and radiation measurements increased during the disturbance. Accounting for stand level variability in water and energy fluxes will provide a method to quantify potential drivers of ecosystem processes and services as well as lead to greater confidence in measurements for all dynamic disturbances. 相似文献
684.
Summary Planning, design, construction and operation of lakeshore structures require information about the future likely extremes
of the lake levels at a given risk percentage. Alternative future likely synthetic sequences can be numerically generated
provided that the underlying generating mechanism of the lake level fluctuation phenomenon is identified. Simple linear and
periodic nonlinear models are used for modeling the deterministic part in the lake level records. Linear trend is eliminated
from the original lake level historic data by regression line technique. The nonlinear part needs two stages for its identification.
First Fourier series is applied to model interannual periodicities in the lake level fluctuation series and then monthly standardization
procedure is applied for seasonal periodic nonlinear component modeling. A second order Markov model is found suitable for
the remaining stochastic parts. The application of the methodology is presented for the Lake Van monthly level data in eastern
Turkey. Suitable models are identified and their parameters are estimated for trend, periodic and stochastic parts. Likely,
synthetic lake levels are generated by the stochastic model and hence lake level extreme values are depicted for the next
2, 6, 12, 24, 60 and 120 months with risk calculations. Such risk calculations take into account the stochastic characteristics
of the lake level fluctuations only. The deterministic parts as linear trends and periodicities are added to the stochastic
extreme events for the actual simulation of the lake levels. The model presented in this paper is not for time prediction
of future lake levels but rather for the simulation of possible equally likely extreme lake level value occurrences over any
desired future period.
Received April 22, 1998/Revised July 28, 1999 相似文献
685.
The aim of this work is assessment of regional atmospheric influence on satellite derivation of Adriatic Sea surface temperature (SST). To this end the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) ERA-40 reanalysis dataset has been employed to provide the temperature and humidity profiles and surface data, while the RTTOV 8.7 radiative transfer model was used to calculate the top-of-atmosphere brightness temperatures for the advanced very high-resolution radiometer (AVHRR) channels. Ten ERA-40 grid points over the Adriatic Sea were used in the analysis, providing 29,590, 00 UTC and 12 UTC, clear-sky profiles. Climatological analysis of the ERA-40 profiles demonstrated distinct seasonal variability over the Adriatic Sea. Seasonality noted in the temperature and specific humidity profiles also evinced in the atmospheric transmittance, thermal channels temperature deficit, and derived γ and ρ parameters. A multivariate analysis was applied to relate the simulated top-of-atmosphere brightness temperatures to the Adriatic SSTs in order to generate exploratory sets of SST retrieval coefficients. All derived coefficient sets exhibited smaller noise amplification factor than the global counterpart. A test comparison of satellite-derived SST with an 11-month in situ SST series showed than locally derived coefficients provide smaller scatter (improved precision), and skin-centred bias that requires additional adjustment. Almost identical SST residual and error metric was obtained with seasonally adjusted classical split-window coefficients and with coefficients explicitly accommodating water-vapor dependence. Comparison with data reinforces the notion that the atmosphere over the Adriatic may exhibit variability that cannot be fully accommodated by globally adjusted correction. 相似文献
686.
Snežana S. Nenadović Ljiljana M. Kljajević Maja A. Nešić Marijana Ž. Petković Katarina V. Trivunac Vladimir B. Pavlović 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2017,76(2):79
The paper presents chemical and structural analysis of geopolymer materials which are obtained by alkali-activated calcined clay (metakaolin) originated from Serbia under strictly defined conditions. Characterization of the metakaolin and geopolymers molecular structure has been done using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The paper presents the possibility of obtaining geopolymer structure and differences in chemical and structural characterization of these materials taking into account the concentration of NaOH as a variable parameter. The results of MALDI analysis of metakaolin and synthesized geopolymer structures using various matrix system: 2,4,6 trihydroxyacetophenone (THAP), α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic, 2,6 dihydroxyacetophenone and laser desorption/ionization, have shown that THAP matrix is the most appropriate for analysing these aluminosilicate materials. 相似文献
687.
In this study, changes in surface area, morphology and leachability of antimony from mechanically activated berthierite—FeSb2S4, boulangerite—Pb5Sb4S11 and franckeite—FePb5Sn3Sb2S14 by a high-energy planetary mill were investigated. It appears that a selective extraction of antimony from these complex
sulphosalts in alkaline solution of sodium sulphide is positively affected by mechanical activation. The influence of milling
on mineral particle size and shape was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The temperature dependencies of berthierite
alkaline leaching were investigated in an interval of 323–363 K. Resulting experimental activation energies E
a were 0.11 and 6.78 kJ mol−1 for mechanically activated berthierite due to a break of Arrhenius plot. The values E
a are characteristic for a process controlled by diffusion as the rate-controlling step of leaching reaction. 相似文献
688.
The major and trace elements and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes of the host rocks and the mafic microgranular enclaves (MME) gathered from the Dölek and Sariçiçek plutons, Eastern Turkey, were studied to understand the underlying petrogenesis and geodynamic setting. The plutons were emplaced at 43 Ma at shallow depths ( 5 to 9 km) as estimated from Al-in hornblende geobarometry. The host rocks consist of a variety of rock types ranging from diorite to granite (SiO2 = 56.98–72.67 wt.%; Mg# = 36.8–50.0) populated by MMEs of gabbroic diorite to monzodiorite in composition (SiO2 = 53.21–60.94 wt.%; Mg# = 44.4–53.5). All the rocks show a high-K calc-alkaline differentiation trend. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns are moderately fractionated and relatively flat [(La/Yb)N = 5.11 to 8.51]. They display small negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu = 0.62 to 0.88), with enrichment of LILE and depletion of HFSE. Initial Nd–Sr isotopic compositions for the host rocks are εNd(43 Ma) = − 0.6 to 0.8 and mostly ISr = 0.70482–0.70548. The Nd model ages (TDM) vary from 0.84 to 0.99 Ga. The Pb isotopic ratios are (206Pb/204Pb) = 18.60–18.65, (207Pb/204Pb) = 15.61–15.66 and (208Pb/204Pb) = 38.69–38.85. Compared with the host rocks, the MMEs are relatively homogeneous in isotopic composition, with ISr ranging from 0.70485 to 0.70517, εNd(43 Ma) − 0.1 to 0.8 and with Pb isotopic ratios of (206Pb/204Pb) = 18.58–18.64, (207Pb/204Pb) = 15.60–15.66 and (208Pb/204Pb) = 38.64–38.77. The MMEs have TDM ranging from 0.86 to 1.36 Ga. The geochemical and isotopic similarities between the MMEs and their host rocks indicate that the enclaves are of mixed origin and are most probably formed by the interaction between the lower crust- and mantle-derived magmas. All the geochemical data, in conjunction with the geodynamic evidence, suggest that a basic magma derived from an enriched subcontinental lithospheric mantle, probably triggered by the upwelling of the asthenophere, and interacted with a crustal melt that originated from the dehydration melting of the mafic lower crust at deep crustal levels. Modeling based on the Sr–Nd isotope data indicates that 77–83% of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle involved in the genesis. Consequently, the interaction process played an important role in the genesis of the hybrid granitoid bodies, which subsequently underwent a fractional crystallization process along with minor amounts of crustal assimilation, en route to the upper crustal levels generating a wide variety of rock types ranging from diorite to granite in an extensional regime. 相似文献
689.
恬矿库周围土壤中重金属存在形态特征研究 总被引:44,自引:4,他引:44
通过对大冶铜绿山铜铁矿尾矿库周围土壤中重金属形态分析实验,研究了重金属各种形态在土壤中的分布特征。由对比实验可知,尾矿库周围土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd等重金属含量都显著地高于对照样品,书经受到重金属的严重污染。土壤中重金属形态分布征为:w(Cr、Zn、Fe);可变换态〈碳酸盐态〈有机态〈铁锰氧化态〈残渣态;w(Cu、Pb):可变换态〈碳酸盐态〈有机态〈残渣态〈铁锰氧化态;w(Cd):残渣态,有机 相似文献