Land classification of part of Thrace (East Rhodope) by visual interpretation of MSS images of first and second generation landsat images

The aim of this investigation was the classification of East Rhodope mountain ridge area and the surrounding hills and plains into mapping units by visual interpretation of 1:500,000 paper print enlargements of MSS false colour composites (bands 1, 2 and 4) of LANDSAT-4 and MSS (band 7) of LANDSAT-1, supported by limited field observation and background information available from earlier surveys and maps. The basic mapping units used in the present study was the land systems (developed by CSIRO in Australia) because they are easily recognizable on LANDSAT images by their destinctive combination of physiography, soils and vegetation.The twenty various land systems occurring in the study area, such as high/low mountains with smooth/sharp summits, nearly flat/undulated plains, slightly/strongly dissected hilles etc., were defined and mapped on small scale of 1:500,000. They are of considerable interest because they provide the framework for production of the same scale geological and geo-morphological maps, erosion studies, soil, vegetation and other thematic mapping for natural resources surveys, because LANDSAT images reveal details of terrain and microrelief that can never be reproduced on a topographic map. Also this land system map may modify or add to earlier small scale thematic maps (geology, soils and vegetation/forestry maps) produced in the past by other techniques.     

Demographic,economic, socio-cultural and political facts nowadays in the French Pacific territories

Demographic, sociocultural, economic, and political trends in the French islands of the South Pacific are examined. Consideration is given to population distribution, internal and interisland migration, economical assets and weaknesses, political relationship with France, and cultural traditions unique to New Caledonia, French Polynesia, and Wallis and Futuna Islands.     

The crystal structure of nabokoite,Cu7TeO4(SO4)5 · KCl: The first example of a Te(IV)O4 pyramid with exactly tetragonal symmetry

Summary The crystal structure of the tetragonal fumarole mineral nabokoite, Cu₇TeO₄(SO₄)₅ · KCl (a=9.833 (1).Å,c=20.591(2) Å, space groupP 4/ncc, Z=4) was determined by single crystal X-ray methods on type material from Kamchatka. The structure contains complicated {[CU₇TeO₄(SO₄)₄]SO₄} sheets that are intercalated by K and Cl ions. Nabokoite presents the first example of a Te(IV)O₄ pyramid with exactly tetragonal symmetry. The K ions have a somewhat unusual, rather flat coordination.

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Die Kristallstruktur des Nabokoits, Cu₇TeO₄(SO₄)₅ · KCl: Das erste Beispiel für eine Te(IV)O₄-Pyramide mit exakt tetragonaler Symmetrie

Zusammenfassung Die Kristallstruktur des tetragonalen Fumarolenminerals Nabokoit, Cu₇TeO₄(SO₄)₅ · KCl (a=9,833(1)Å,c=20,591(2)Å, RaumgruppeP 4/ncc, Z=4) wurde an Typ-Material von Kamtschatka mit Röntgen-Einkristallmethoden bestimmt. Die Struktur enthält komplizierte [Cu₇TeO₄(SO₄)₄]SO₄-Schichten, die durch K- und Cl-Ionen verbunden werden. Nabokoit liefert das erste Beispiel für eine Te(IV)O₄-Pyramide mit exakt tetragonaler Symmetrie. Die K-Ionen haben eine etwas ungewöhnliche, ziemlich flache Koordination.

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With 2 Figures     

On atmospheric vortex streets in the wake of large islands

Summary Results from laboratory experiments on stably stratified flows over three-dimensional obstacles are related to atmospheric vortex streets formed in the lee of large islands. A quasi horizontal flow around the island can be expected if stable stratification favours the formation of a so-called dividing streamline below the islands top. The subsequent shedding of vortices with vertical axis from islands may then be due to viscous boundary layer separation, but also other possible mechanisms of vortex shedding in stably stratified flows are discussed.With 6 Figures     

Reedbed Treatment of Sewage in the UK

Natural wetlands perform significant sewage treatment, but artificial reedbeds are likely to be more reliable and effective. The processes responsible for purification in wetlands and reedbeds are described in this paper, together with an outline of the experimental reedbeds which have been established in the UK up to 1987. Major research needs are outlined.     

Ionenaustausch mit zeolithischen Molekularsieben unter dem besonderen Aspekt der Wasserenthärtung – Eine Einführung

After a short introduction into the field of the zeolites the use of the molecular sieve 4 A as builder in the washing process is treated. Structure and ion-exchange capacity are characterized, the mechanism of the elimination of calcium-ions is described and the environmental behaviour is examined. Finally, other potential applications of zeolitic ion exchangers are presented.     

Fram Strait ice flux calculations and associated Arctic ice conditions

The areal outflow of ice through Fram Strait during the period 1953–1984 is estimated on a monthly basis from the geostrophic wind and the ice concentration. Summer ice coverage in various sectors of the Arctic is then compared with the computed outflow through Fram Strait in various antecedent periods. Lag correlations indicate that interannual variations of summer ice severity in the Pacific side of the Arctic Basin are consistent with fluctuations of Fram Strait outflow during the previous 3–9 months. The findlings suggest that above-normal outflow of multiyear ice during the winter/spring months may precondition the large-scale pack ice to respond more directly to offshore flow events during the ensuing months.The areas of highest correlation with Fram Strait outflow undergo a pronounced shift in the early 1970's. Coincident changes in the large-scale circulation pattern imply that the source region of the Transpolar Drift Stream shifted westward from the Alaskan to the Siberian waters during this period.     

Jurassic and Cretaceous rhyncholites (Cephalopod jaws) from the North Atlantic Ocean (Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 1–79) and their European Counterparts

Well-established species of non-nautilid jaws (Rhynchoteuthis, Palaeoteuthis, andLeptocheilus) from the European Continent and North Africa have been found in Pliensbachian and Oxfordian to Barremian beds of the North Atlantic Ocean (Deep Sea Drilling Project boreholes 1-547B). The rhyncholites from DSDP cores demonstrate stratigraphic condensation, redeposition, and changing palaeoceanographical conditions during the late Jurassic. Being characteristic Tethyan organisms such rhyncholites can also be used as index fossils and indicators for palaeobiogeography, palaeobathymetry, and palaeoclimate. Most likely the rhyncholites described here could be calcified upper jaws of Phylloceratid or Lytoceratid ammonites.

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Zusammenfassung In den DSDP-Bohrungen 1-547B im Nordatlantik sind nicht-nautilide Cephalopoden-Oberkiefer bekannter Arten des europäischen Festlands (Rhynchoteuthis, Palaeoteuthis, Palaeotheutis, undLeptocheilus) im Pliensbachium und vom Oxfordium bis Barremium verbreitet. Die DSDP-Rhyncholithenfunde zeigen stratigraphische Kondensation, Umlagerung und einen Wechsel in den Faziesbedingungen während des Oberen Jura an. Ebenso können solche Rhyncholithen als charakteristische Tethys-Elemente für Aussagen über die Biostratigraphie, Paläobiogeographie und als Paläoklima-Indikatoren verwendet werden. Höchstwahrscheinlich stellen die hier beschriebenen Rhyncholithen karbonatische Oberkiefer von Phylloceraten und Lytoceraten dar.

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Résumé Les couches du Pliensbachien et de l'Oxfordien-Barrémien de l'Atlantique nord (site DSDP 1-547B) renferment des machoires de céphalopodes non nautiloïdes appartenant à des espèces connues sur les continents européen et nord-africain (Rhynchoteuthis, Palaeoteuthis, Palaeotheutis etLeptocheilus). Ces fossiles témoignent d'une condensation stratigraphique, d'un remaniement et d'un changement des conditions de facies au cours du Jurassique supérieur. Comme ces rhyncholites sont des organismes caractéristiques de la Téthys, ils peuvent être utilisés comme des indicateurs de paléobiogéographie, de paléobathymétrie et des paléoclimats. Selon toute vraisemblance, les rhyncholites en question ici sont des machoires supérieures calcifiées de phylloceratides ou de lytoceratides.

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1–547 DSDP , (Rhynchoteuthis, Palaeoteuthis, Palaeotheutis Leptocheilui) . , . . . , , , . , .

     

Advances in modelling of snowpack processes utilizing remote sensing technology

Application of models over large areas requires enormous amounts of point data which are seldom available. As a result, the use of remote sensing to acquire data for these models becomes a practical alternative because from space areal measurements can be made over entire regions. Remote sensing data sets of snow are being studied and refined for input into energy balance, hydrological, and general circulation models. Snow influences the amount of solar energy retained and returned to space, the utilization of radiant energy in the hydrological cycle, and the atmospheric circulation by interacting with and modifying air masses. The continually evolving remote sensing technology will be used to provide a better understanding of how snow cover influences global climate and a better fundamental understanding of snow accumulation and ablation processes.