Zur inneren Tektonik des Taunus (Rheinisches Schiefergebirge) aus der Sicht der Dachschiefergrube »Rosit«

Zusammenfassung Detaillierte kleintektonische Untersuchungen in Querschlägen auf 5 Tiefbau-Sohlen sowie einiger Bohrkerne und übertage-Aufschlüsse lassen die Konstruktion eines entsprechend genauen Querprofils (Tafel 1) zu. Der Faltenwurf ist ziemlich disharmonisch, offenbar im wesentlichen durch zahlreiche über- und Aufschiebungen bedingt; das gleiche gilt auch für die örtlich konstruierten Faltenspiegel 1. Ordnung. Der Vergenzgrad — abzulesen an der Neigung der Faltenachsen-Flächen bzw. der Schieferung — schwankt erheblich, und zwar zwischen 0 und ± 45 NW. Harnischmylonite und andere Verquarzungen treten vor allem im Zusammenhang mit über- und Aufschiebungen auf; sie scheinen z. T. auch mitgefaltet zu sein und damit eine langfristige bzw. wiederholte Durchbewegung des »Gebirges« anzudeuten.Das Querprofil wird räumlich ergänzt durch einen Horizontalschnitt auf der 4. Sohle mit einer darin eingezeichneten Längsprofil-Serie (Tafel 2).Die offensichtlich recht komplizierte innere Tektonik der Grube »Rosit« wird sodann in Beziehung zu bekannten Strukturen des Taunus zwischen Rhein und Idsteiner Senke gebracht. Offenbar besteht über dem südlichen Mittelrhein ein tektonisches Hoch.

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Detailed local explorations of structural features (tectonic analysis) in cross-galaries of 5 underground levels, of some coredrillings and outcrops allow the construction of a corresponding detailed tectonical cross-section (Table 1). The fold structures are rather disharmonious what seems to be caused at all by numerous low-angle and high-angle reverse resp. thrust faults; this disharmony is indicated too by locally constructed fold envelopes. The degree of vergence — given by the dipping of axial planes or cleavages (vertical = 0) — differs in a considerable way from 0 to ± 45 NW. Laminated and slickensided quartz-layers and other quartz-formations seems to be connected at all with thrusts resp. reverse faults. Partly they appear ± folded what indicates a long or repeated deformation of rocks.The cross-section is completed 3-dimensionally by a horizontal section in the 4. level and by a series of longitudinal resp. striking sections (Table 2).Finally the obviously very complicated local features in the mine are brought in relations to the known structures of the Taunus between Rhine and Idsteiner Senke (depression of Idstein). It seems to exist an uplift in the southern part of the middle-Rhine.

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Résumé L'application des méthodes structurales à petite échelle dans les travers-bancs de 5 étages souterrains, ainsi que sur quelques carottes et affleurements, a permis de construire une coupe transversale assez précise (Table 1). Le plissement est relativement disharmonique, disposition qui semble causée surtout par des failles de chevauchement et des charriages; cette disharmonie apparaÎt également dans les surfaces-enveloppes des plis qui ont été construites en quelques endroits. Le degré de vergence — indiqué par la pente des plans axiaux des plis, qui correspond à la schistosité (0 = vertical) — varie dans une large mesure depuis 0 jusque ±45 vers le Nord-Ouest. Des veines de quartz à stries de glissement, ainsi que d'autres accidents quartzeux, semblent pouvoir Être mis en relation avec les failles susdites; ces veines apparaissent partiellement plissées, ce qui indique des mouvements tectoniques de longue durée, ou des mouvements répétés.En vue d'une meilleure représentation tridimensionnelle, la coupe transversale est complétée par une coupe horizontale du 4me étage souterrain accompagnée d'une série de coupes longitudinales (Table 2).Les structures à petite échelle de la mine Rosit, qui sont en fait assez compliquées, sont mises en relation avec les structures connues dans le Taunus entre le Rhin et la dépression d'Idstein. Il semble exister une surélévation tectonique dans la partie méridionale du Rhin moyen.

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The “South-Italian City” — a cultural-genetic type of city

The “South-Italian city” is characterized at four different levels as an independent cultural-genetic city-type:

1. The characteristics arrangement of the functional areas and the residential areas of different social groups is represented in a model.
2. From the model, developments and changes in the arrangement of the functional areas can be identified which clearly deviate from those which are derived from the universal city model.
3. Some of the structural individuality can be directly explained by the peculiar features of the respective social and economic history.
4. Some of the special features must, however, be traced back to a wider historico-cultural background. Through this run processes which flow through the universal city development in similar forms, to the deviating structure of the “South-Italian city”.

     

Das Relief des Mars' Versuch einer zusammenfassenden Übersicht

The analysis of the martian relief leads to the conclusion that some of the most important relief elements are either concentrically or radially arranged with respect to a central structure and hence form aureoles. In this paper four different types of aureoles are identified and described:

1. impact aureoles (as result of extradynamics),
2. volcanic aureoeles (as result of lava flow through vents),
3. tectonic aureoles (as result of isostatic adjustment and/or settlement),
4. permafrost-related aureoles and mega-aureoles (as result of migration above thawing permafrost in areas with high relief).

The spatial distribution of these different types of aureoles indicates the predominant type of relief-forming dynamics in the area of their distribution (impact-related aureoles occur predominantly in the area of the Southern Uplands; volcanic, tectonic and permafrost-related aureoles in the area of large-scale updomings-TaNoVa, Elysiumand their volcanic provinces).     

Der Magmenaufstieg in rotierenden Systemen

The present discussion about magmatic processes develops out of granite tectonics which goes back toHans Cloos (1922). Kinematics and dynamics of the flow within an uprising magma result from archimedean buoyancy. This force equilibrates all disequilibria of the terrestrial density distribution caused by thermal actions. Magmatic uprising, however, is not a strictly archimedean process, but suffers from distortion, deformation, deviation, and self-rotations caused by secondary forces which originate from the rotation of the earth. Simultaneous step wise crystallization of the magma leads to gravitational differentiation which is accompanied by lateral differentiation. Thus, in the end the magma solidifies asymmetrically, fractionated, and exhibiting an azimuthal tendency. These features may be expressed either by an individual magmatic body, or by a whole petrographic province. Apparently, no magma is able to rise homogeneously and vertically upwards. The entire process of magmatic uprising as well as the resulting inner fabric and outer shape appear to be controlled by the laws of Archimedes, Coriolis, and Cloos.     

Recent trends of urban development and town planning in Spain

With the socio-economic change from rural to industrial, Spain has experienced an enormous urbanisation boom during the last 20 years. This has produced a concentration of high-rise apartment blocks not only in the big cities but also in medium-sized towns and even within the medieval town centres. More astonishing, compared with Central Europe, seems however, the spatial distribution of the social classes which, with a centre-periphery gradient, still corresponds to the model of the pre-industrial town. The paper investigates the impact of town planning, house building policy, and behavioural aspects on these structural patterns.     

Capitalist homoficience,the frontier and uneven development in Southern Africa

Frontier studies continue to be compromised by a double inadequacy. While geographers mistakenly cling to obsolete models of frontier process, those who have adopted a more progressive interactionist definition have difficulty conceptualizing the components and dimensions of interaction. The conceptual framework suggested by the literature on the articulation of modes of production is proposed as a partial resolution of the problem. Discarding the abstract and problematical notion of the mode of production as a useful tool for concrete analysis, attention is focused on the concepts and hypotheses suggested by the notion of articulation. It is proposed that in southern Africa, at least, this concept offers geographers a way forward which will circumvent the difficulties currently being experienced by the predominantly liberal interactionist school.     

The Danube-Black Sea Canal and its impact on Southern Romania

The Romanian Danube-Black Sea Canal, opened in 1984, is the latest development in the European network of Class 6 waterways. Construction began in 1978 and involved the mobilisation of labour and equipment on an unprecedented scale to expedite work in four construction zones between the Danube at Cernavoda and the Black Sea at South Constanta-Agigea. The paper outlines the construction work and also discusses three other themes. First the history of abortive canal projects which extends back for more than a century, including the notorious scheme of 1949–1953 in the Stalin era, which has to be seen in the context of available waterways through the Danube delta and a complex of economic, political and technical issues. Second the interest of the present Romanian government in pressing ahead with the project at a time of severe economic difficulty: the changing economic geography of the country is thoroughly examined. And third the likely impact of the canal which is very difficult to assess in an international context in view of the alternative route through the Danube delta at Sulina. However the hinterland of Constanta has been greatly improved and further canal schemes in Romania will generate more traffic for water transport in the years ahead.