隧道围岩分类的层次类比系统方法

在本文中,把围岩分类的因素分为3种。第一种为大的地质环境,它主要包括地层、构造、地形等;第二种为围岩的小环境,它包括岩体结构、结构面的发育情况、地下水的分布等;第三种为围岩的物理、力学、水理以及埋深等具体参数。这3种因素从大到小形成一个层次递阶关系,下层元素是上层元素的具体表现,上层元素对下层元素产生影响。把用这种层次关系表征的典型工点集合,作为一个工程地质评价模型的基础。按典型工点的稳定性进行排序或进行聚类分析,再把新工点的稳定性权重与典型工点的稳定性权重序列或相似序列比较,找出新工点在典型工点序列中的相当位置,这样就可根据与新工点相近的典型工点围岩类别以及施工、支护等成功的设计参数或经验教训作为新工点的设计参数。     

The status of the ecological environment and a proposed protection strategy in Sanya Bay,Hainan Island,China

Sanya Bay encompasses a high diversity of natural habitats, ranging from coral reefs, rocky and sandy shores and mudflats to mangroves. Seasonal physicochemical and biological investigations were conducted from 1998 to 1999 and again in April 2000. Water-related environmental quality in Sanya Bay is in good condition. The levels of dissolved oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metals are within the first class of National Seawater Quality Standards for China. Annual mean values of chlorophyll a of 0.93 mg m(-3) and phytoplankton primary productivity of 440.8 mgC m(-2)d(-1), respectively, were found in the waters, both of which show a significant correlation with inorganic nitrogen. A mean new productivity of 144.6 mgC m(-2) d(-1) was recorded in summer. Sanya Bay is rich in natural resources and biodiversity with 235 species of phytoplankton and 129 species of zooplankton identified in the survey. The annual mean abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton were 1564 x 10 cells m(-3) and 121 individuals m(-3), respectively, with an annual mean zooplankton biomass of 129 mg m(-3). A total of 243 species of fish were sampled in the survey including many of high economic value. Three hundred and eighty-four species of benthos in 121 families were found by mud sampling and trawling. The average biomass of benthic organisms was 11.55 gm(-2), with a density of 31 individuals m(-2). Molluscs were the dominant group, followed by crustaceans; coelenterates exhibited the lowest biomass. One hundred and twenty-six species from 48 families of intertidal organisms were collected by frame sampling, with a mean annual biomass of 644.7 gm(-2) and average density of 816 individuals m(-2). The highest biomass of 1673.5 gm(-2) was collected in a coral reef region, while the highest density of 1219 individuals m(-2) occurred in a mangrove region. The coastline is characterized by coral reefs that accounts for 30% of the total coastline length in the bay, so coral reefs are a key ecosystem that are important for maintaining the regional marine resources and biodiversity. We need to pay much more attention to such diverse marine resources to maintain the integrity and function of these coastal ecosystems.     

Basic characteristics of active tectonics of China

Active tectonics is inferred to all the structures which have been active since the late Pleisto-cene, 100—120 ka B.P., are still active recently, and will be active in a certain time period in the future, such as active faults, active folds, active basi…     

全球化、跨国公司投资与地区发展关系研究进展

近年来,全球化力量成为影响区域经济发展及其空间格局演变的主要因素之一。在未来相当长一个时期内,全球化因素影响的深度与广度都将进一步扩展。随着经济活动全球化的发展,学术界有相当多的研究关注全球化、跨国公司投资及其社会经济影响。本文分别从国家、区域和企业三个不同的层面及全球化与区域发展互动的角度对现有的关于全球化、跨国公司投资与地区发展的相关研究进行总结和评述。     

Surfer在地球重力场数据可视化中的应用

介绍了应用Surfer实现地球重力场数据可视化的方法和步骤,结合重力场数据格式特点,编制了简单的格式转换程序,直接操作Surfer绘制重力场数据二维、三维信息图,实现了地球重力场数据的快速可视化。     

Wavelet filter analysis of splitting and coupling of seismic normal modes below 1.5 mHz with superconducting gravimeter records after the December 26, 2004 Sumatra earthquake

New generation superconducting gravimeters (SGs), which have been demonstrated to be better than the best seismometers STS-1 at frequencies below 1 mHz, can be accepted as the quietest vertical seismometers for observation of long-period earth free oscillations. Wavelet filtering with narrow band-pass frequency response as shown in this paper is very helpful in removing at- mospheric pressure effects from on gravity records in long-period seismic mode frequency bands. The processing of high quality SG records after the great Sumatra earthquake (Dec. 26, 2004) with wavelet filtering leads to clear observations of all coupled toroidal modes below 1.5 mHz except these for 0T5, 0T7 and 1T1; moreover 1T2 and 1T3 are, for the first time, unambiguously revealed in the vertical components of the free oscillations. The three well-resolved splitting singlets of overtones 2S1 are observed from a single SG record for the first time.     

华北地区两个世代深部构造的识别及其意义——燕山运动与深部过程

通过对华北地区地震层析成像成果的研究，将其深部构造划分为三带：①大型软流圈上涌柱带，主要出现两个大型软流圈上涌柱；②过渡带，呈现4个小型软流圈上涌柱（软块）与岩石圈较厚区（硬块）相间的构造格局；③巨厚岩石圈带，为巨厚岩石圈（鄂尔多斯硬块）稳定区。依据岩石圈热力学衰减原理，一定体积的深部构造可存留200～300Ma之久，而传导人浅表的热量则扩散较快。故以大地热流值为主，结合浅层岩浆活动可将本区中生代与新生代的软流圈上涌柱区分开来：渤海湾柱、大同柱和南阳柱属新生代，邯郸柱、中条柱和吕梁柱则属于中生代燕山期。在此基础上，建立了燕山期深部构造与浅表岩浆构造活动关系的模式：在强大的分散热力作用下，软流圈上涌柱柱头中大量热浮物质向上熔蚀薄的岩石圈及下地壳，混染而主要形成中酸性岩及有关矿产；而在软流圈上涌柱与岩石圈的陡接触处，由于该处热力集中，致使幔源物质底侵下地壳，并再熔融上侵形成偏碱性-碱性杂岩及相应矿产。     

What Happened in the Trans-North China Orogen in the Period 2560-1850 Ma？

The Trans-North China Orogen （TNCO） was a Paleoproterozic continent-continent collisional belt along which the Eastern and Western Blocks amalgamated to form a coherent North China Craton （NCC）. Recent geological, structural, geochemical and isotopic data show that the orogen was a continental margin or Japan-type arc along the western margin of the Eastern Block, which was separated from the Western Block by an old ocean, with eastward-directed subduction of the oceanic lithosphere beneath the western margin of the Eastern Block. At 2550-2520 Ma, the deep subduction caused partial melting of the medium-lower crust, producing copious granitoid magma that was intruded into the upper levels of the crust to form granitoid plutons in the low- to medium-grade granite-greeustone terranes. At 2530-2520 Ma, subduction of the oceanic lithosphere caused partial melting of the mantle wedge, which led to underplating of mafic magma in the lower crust and widespread mafic and minor felsic volcanism in the arc, forming part of the greenstone assemblages. Extension driven by widespread mafic to felsic volcanism led to the development of back-arc and/or intra-arc basins in the orogen. At 2520-2475 Ma, the subduction caused further partial melting of the lower crust to form large amounts of tonalitic-trondhjemitic-granodioritic （TTG） magmatism. At this time following further extension of back-arc basins, episodic granitoid magmatism occurred, resulting in the emplacement of 2360 Ma, -2250 Ma 2110-21760 Ma and -2050 Ma granites in the orogen. Contemporary volcano-sedimentary rocks developed in the back-arc or intra-are basins. At 2150-1920 Ma, the orogen underwent several extensional events, possibly due to subduction of an oceanic ridge, leading to emplacement of mafic dykes that were subsequently metamorphosed to amphibolites and medium- to high-pressure mafic granulites. At 1880-1820 Ma, the ocean between the Eastern and Western Blocks was completely consumed by subduction, and the dosing of the ocean led to the continent-arc-continent collision, which caused large-scale thrusting and isoclinal folds and transported some of the rocks into the lower crustal levels or upper mantle to form granulites or eclogites. Peak metamorphism was followed by exhumation/uplift, resulting in widespread development of asymmetric folds and symplectic textures in the rocks.     

局域网共享虚拟传真机的实现

介绍了一种利用电话线和Modem配合传真软件建立局域网内共享的“虚拟传真机”的方法。     

北美五大湖水环境保护经验分析

介绍了位于美国和加拿大边界的世界上最大的淡水水体——北美五大湖的基本情况及水环境污染和治理历程,讨论美加两国政府在水环境保护方面合作的经验,概括了五大湖环境保护工作所取得的成就。实践证明,五大湖水资源综合管理体制、水环境保护策略是行之有效的。经过几十年的努力,五大湖的水质状况已有明显改善,尤其是在人群健康保障、富营养化治理和有毒物质消减方面取得了长足的进步。