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101.
Because of the difficulties of laboratory simulation of maghemitization, few studies have been carried out and the results of such studies are not in good agreement. Of particular interest is the evolution of the cation distribution with degree of non-stoichiometry. This indicates how the maghemitization process takes place at the atomic level. In the present study a suite of titanomagnetite specimens containing a range of concentration of Mg2+ ions were maghemitized and the possible cation distribution inferred from saturation magnetization measurements. Although a unique cation distribution cannot be obtained from such measurements, the observed data are consistent with the following model, except for high degrees of oxidation and high Mg concentration: (1) Ti4+ and vacancies in B sites only; (2) a random distribution of Mg2+ which remains frozen in during maghemitization; (3) availability for oxidation of tetrahedral site Fe2+ 20% of that of octahedral site Fe2+; and (4) deficient moment of the oxidized specimens due to small particle size. 相似文献
102.
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104.
Future space-borne cloud profiling radars (CPR) will employ longer pulse lengths than ground-based systems. As a consequence, reflectivity profiles observed from space will be more strongly convoluted with the radar pulse shape. Here we describe a constrained linear inverse technique that reduces the effects of this convolution. We apply the technique to simulated data, based on actual observations from the ground, and show that significant improvements in the reflectivity profile can be obtained. Average Z errors (dBz) are halved, while cloud boundaries are substantially better retrieved. The results in this paper are relevant to space-borne missions like CloudSat and EarthCARE. 相似文献
105.
Buried gullies exposed in road excavations along the margin of a loess tableland on the Loess Plateau of central China lie within a thick loess-paleosol succession that spans ≥780,000 years. Constraining ages for gully cutting and filling are provided by dates of loess and soil units cut by and capping the paleogullies. An episode of gully cutting begins at the onset of an interglaciation and ceases as the gullies begin to fill with colluvium and airborne dust during the transition to full-glacial conditions. The episodic cutting and filling of gullies implies a basic astronomical (orbital) control of gully evolution involving cyclic changes in dominant summer and winter monsoon climates, surface hydrology, and vegetation cover. 相似文献
106.
Storage and interaction of compositionally heterogeneous magmas from the 1986 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Diana C. Roman Katharine V. Cashman Cynthia A. Gardner Paul J. Wallace John J. Donovan 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2006,68(3):240-254
Compositional heterogeneity (56–64 wt% SiO2 whole-rock) in samples of tephra and lava from the 1986 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska, raises questions about the
physical nature of magma storage and interaction beneath this young and frequently active volcano. To determine conditions
of magma storage and evolutionary histories of compositionally distinct magmas, we investigate physical and chemical characteristics
of andesitic and dacitic magmas feeding the 1986 eruption. We calculate equilibrium temperatures and oxygen fugacities from
Fe-Ti oxide compositions and find a continuous range in temperature from 877 to 947°C and high oxygen fugacities (ΔNNO=1–2)
for all magmas. Melt inclusions in pyroxene phenocrysts analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and electron probe
microanalysis are dacitic to rhyolitic and have water contents ranging from <1 to ∼7 wt%. Matrix glass compositions are rhyolitic
and remarkably similar (∼75.9–76.6 wt% SiO2) in all samples. All samples have ∼25% phenocrysts, but lower-silica samples have much higher microlite contents than higher-silica
samples. Continuous ranges in temperature and whole-rock composition, as well as linear trends in Harker diagrams and disequilibrium
mineral textures, indicate that the 1986 magmas are the product of mixing between dacitic magma and a hotter, more mafic magma.
The dacitic endmember is probably residual magma from the previous (1976) eruption of Augustine, and we interpret the mafic
endmember to have been intruded from depth. Mixing appears to have continued as magmas ascended towards the vent. We suggest
that the physical structure of the magma storage system beneath Augustine contributed to the sustained compositional heterogeneity
of this eruption, which is best explained by magma storage and interaction in a vertically extensive system of interconnected
dikes rather than a single coherent magma chamber and/or conduit. The typically short repose period (∼10 years) between Augustine's
recent eruptive pulses may also inhibit homogenization, as short repose periods and chemically heterogeneous magmas are observed
at several volcanoes in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska. 相似文献
107.
Keith A. Horton Glyn Williams-Jones Harold Garbeil Tamar Elias A. Jeff Sutton Peter Mouginis-Mark John N. Porter Steven Clegg 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2006,68(4):323-327
A miniaturized, lightweight and low-cost UV correlation spectrometer, the FLYSPEC, has been developed as an alternative for
the COSPEC, which has long been the mainstay for monitoring volcanic sulfur dioxide fluxes. Field experiments have been conducted
with the FLYSPEC at diverse volcanic systems, including Masaya (Nicaragua), Poás (Costa Rica), Stromboli, Etna and Vulcano
(Italy), Villarica (Chile) and Kilauea (USA). We present here those validation measurements that were made simultaneously
with COSPEC at Kilauea between March 2002 and February 2003. These experiments, with source emission rates that ranged from
95 to 1,560 t d−1, showed statistically identical results from both instruments. SO2 path-concentrations ranged from 0 to >1,000 ppm-m with average correlation coefficients greater than r
2=0.946. The small size and low cost create the opportunity for FLYSPEC to be used in novel deployment modes that have the
potential to revolutionize the manner in which volcanic and industrial monitoring is performed. 相似文献
108.
John M. Porter O'Brien & Mike F. Bode 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,296(4):943-948
The effect of rotating white dwarf envelopes in determining the structure of nova shells is examined. This is achieved by numerical hydrodynamic simulations of the flows around a binary star system. In previous studies of remnant formation, this rotation has not been included.
It is found that the structures formed in the flow are more consistent with observations of nova shells than the previous theoretical studies. The shells produced by the nova become more prolate with increasing white dwarf envelope rotation. Hence the rotation of white dwarf envelopes must be included in any future discussion of remnant formation.
A possible method of identifying the dominant process by which mixing of accreted and white dwarf matter takes place is suggested. 相似文献
It is found that the structures formed in the flow are more consistent with observations of nova shells than the previous theoretical studies. The shells produced by the nova become more prolate with increasing white dwarf envelope rotation. Hence the rotation of white dwarf envelopes must be included in any future discussion of remnant formation.
A possible method of identifying the dominant process by which mixing of accreted and white dwarf matter takes place is suggested. 相似文献
109.
110.
Using a high resolution14C chronology, β13C values and organic carbon content, from loess/paleosol and peat profiles in China, we can demonstrate century scale warm-cold
East Asian monsoon paleoclimatic fluctuation events and significant precipitation variability within the last deglaciation.
The major climatic events recognized are the Bolling (1 300-12 500 a B.P.), Older Dryas (12 500-11 750 a B. P.), Allerod (11
750-11 200 aB.P.) and Younger Dryas (11 200-10 000 aB.P.). The stratigraphic structure of the last deglaciation sediments
is characterized by frequent changes in sedimentation phases reflecting climatic instability. These high frequency, rapid
climatic events can correlate with fluctuations recorded by sea surface temperatures in the Norwegian Sea. This indicates
a pale-oclimate teleconnection between polar, high latitude areas and East Asian monsoon areas through westerlies and the
related atmospheric pressure system.
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Foundation of Chinese Academy of Sciences and the
National Science Foundation of U.S.A. 相似文献