Investigation of gas content of organic-rich shale:A case study from Lower Permian shale in southern North China Basin,central China

Measuring gas content is an essential step in estimating the commerciality of gas reserves. In this study,eight shale core samples from the Mouye-1 well were measured using a homemade patented gas desorption apparatus to determine their gas contents. Due to the air contamination that is introduced into the desorption canister, a mathematical method was devised to correct the gas quantity and quality.Compared to the chemical compositions of desorbed gas, the chemical compositions of residual gas are somewhat different. In residual gas, carbon dioxide and nitrogen record a slight increase, and propane is first observed. This phenomenon may be related to the exposure time during the transportation of shale samples from the drilling site to the laboratory, as well as the differences in the mass, size and adsorptivity of different gas molecules. In addition to a series of conventional methods, including the USBM direct method and the Amoco Curve Fit(ACF) method, which were used here for lost gas content estimation, a Modified Curve Fit(MCF) method, based on the 'bidisperse' diffusion model, was established to estimate lost gas content. By fitting the ACF and MCF models to gas desorption data, we determined that the MCF method could reasonably describe the gas desorption data over the entire time period, whereas the ACF method failed. The failure of the ACF method to describe the gas desorption process may be related to its restrictive assumption of a single pore size within shale samples. In comparison to the indirect method, this study demonstrates that none of the three methods studied in this investigation(USBM, ACF and MCF) could individually estimate the lost gas contents of all shale samples and that the proportion of free gas relative to total gas has a significant effect on the estimation accuracy of the selected method. When the ratio of free gas to total gas is lower than 45%, the USBM method is the best for estimating the lost gas content, whereas when the ratio ranges from 45% to 75% or is more than 75%, the ACF and MCF methods, are the best options respectively.     

长江中游洞庭湖防洪系统水流模拟——Ⅰ．建模思路和基本算法

针对长江中游洞庭湖防洪系统规模庞大、水流复杂、资料短缺和预报时限紧迫的实际条件,提出了具有层次和模块结构特点、一维与二维水流模拟、水力学与水文学方法、理论模型与补充信息相结合的建模途径.所建模型的湖泊部分采用无结构网格二维非恒定流高性能有限体积格式,以适应湖区复杂的边界形状和保持水量平衡;河网部分采用一维非恒定流守恒型显格式,避免隐格式矩阵算法的复杂性,同时有利于与二维模型的耦合及与各种复杂连通关系的显式连接.这种一、二维混合非恒定流模型可用于长江干流、洞庭湖河网及湖泊、堤垸区的洪水演进和防洪调度的水流仿真.     

稻田CH4排放和土壤,大气条件的关系

在杭州地区利用静态箱法对稻田CH_4排放进行连续观测,结果证明CH_4排放率有较大的日变化和季节变化,CH_4排放率的日变化较复杂,除了和温度变化一致的峰型外,还有夜间峰、双峰型、多峰等。CH_4排放率的季节波动较大,在分蘖期和长穗前期分别有一较大峰值,早稻和晚稻的变化规律略有不同。稻田CH_4排放规律可用稻田中有机物含量的变化和空气、土壤温度的变化等作一定性解释。 早稻和晚稻的CH_4排放总量有较大的差别,平均来看,早稻的排放量为0.46g·m~(-2)·d~(-1),晚稻为0.80g·m~(-2)·d~(-1)。稻田CH_4排放也有较大的年际变化,1988年全年CH_4排放量为0.23g·m~(-2)·d~(-1),1989年为0.95g·m~(-2)·d~(-1),施肥对CH_4排放有一定的影响,施有机肥的稻田CH_4排放量最高,施化肥的稻田次之,不施肥的稻田CH_4排放量最低。     

冀东峪耳崖金矿区闪长岩脉地球化学特征及其地质意义

冀东地区位于华北板块北缘燕山造山带东部,矿产资源丰富,是中国金矿的主要产地之一,尤其是热液型金矿。峪耳崖金矿床是冀东众多热液型金矿床的典型代表,金矿主体赋存于侏罗纪峪耳崖花岗岩体内,少部分赋存于侵入花岗岩体的侏罗纪闪长岩脉中。闪长岩脉元素地球化学分析显示：w（SiO₂）为51.99%~61.88%、Mg^#值为0.37~0.64,w（Na₂O+K₂O）为5.07%~8.89%,A/NK为1.37~2.26,A/CNK为0.73~0.96,属准铝质高钾钙碱性系列;富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、K、Sr,亏损重稀土元素和高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti。锆石原位Hf同位素测试表明,ε_Hf（t）为负值,介于-16.5~-6.5之间。综合研究认为：峪耳崖金矿区侏罗纪闪长岩浆源于俯冲流体交代的富集岩石圈地幔,岩浆上侵过程中受到华北板块古老下地壳物质的有限混染;成矿期闪长岩浆为金成矿提供了部分物质来源;峪耳崖金矿区闪长岩脉形成于古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆俯冲的动力学背景。     

临清坳陷东部三叠系沉积岩地球化学特征及构造意义

碎屑沉积岩的物质组成对其形成的构造背景具有重要的指示作用。通过对临清坳陷东部三叠系碎屑沉积岩样品地球化学主量和微量元素分析表明：三叠系岩石样品主要为成熟度较低的杂砂岩和长石砂岩;碎屑沉积岩的母岩总体上与大陆地壳组成基本一致,原岩以沉积岩和花岗岩为主;临清坳陷东部中生代早—中三叠世处于靠近大陆岛弧的活动大陆边缘构造环境,其动力学机制与早期秦岭洋壳向华北板块俯冲、晚期扬子板块和华北板块碰撞作用有关。研究结果为确定三叠纪时期华北东部南侧的构造环境提供了地球化学方面的证据。     

气候变暖背景下扎龙湿地气候变化特征

基于扎龙湿地1955—2004年逐日气温和降水量资料,采用滑动平均、趋势分析、小波分析和Mann-Kendall及Yamamoto检验等方法,探讨了扎龙湿地近50年的气候变化特征。结果表明：①研究时段内扎龙湿地年及四季平均气温均呈上升趋势,年平均气温在1988年发生了一次明显的突变,其后气温达到一个更显著的增暖时期,20世纪90年代以来的增温非常显著,是50年以来的最高温期;②扎龙湿地年及各季降水量除春季外均呈减少趋势,秋季降水减少趋势最显著,研究时段内没有明显的突变过程;③20世纪80年代中期之后扎龙湿地暖冬和热夏事件的发生频率和强度显著增加,大气湿润度在减小,气候在向暖干方向发展。     

内蒙古夏季干旱的水汽输送特征分析

对于大气中水汽的定性、定量测量是提高内蒙古干旱研究与预测的有效手段。利用NCEP再分析资料和内蒙古地区实测降水资料（1961-2000年），定性、定量地分析东亚水汽分布、水汽输送与内蒙古夏季干旱的关系。得出内蒙古地区上空低层大气的含水量偏少是内蒙古夏季干旱的一个重要因素。由于青藏高原大地形作用，孟加拉湾和南海的水汽北上受阻，不能达到内蒙古高原是形成内蒙古干旱的又一原因。受大气环流影响，内蒙古高原水汽辐合偏弱是内蒙古夏季干旱的重要原因。青藏高原的水汽通量与内蒙古东西部降水都存在明显负相关；孟加拉湾至内蒙古西部是内蒙古西部地区降水的水汽通道，南海至中国东北地区为内蒙古东部降水的水汽通道。     

用GPS时间序列获取中国大陆微动态应变场

基于中国大陆GPS观测在国际地球参考框架（ITRF）获得的站点位置,由三角形法通过反演逐年推算中国大陆年微动态应变场. 结果显示,研究区年微动态应变场大致以南北地震带为界. 西部地区存在方向大体一致的年主压应变优势分布方向, 方向自西向东、 由近南北向转为北东向,与近代应变场的方向一致,表明西部地区变形主要是由印度板块向北推进和西伯利亚地块相对南推形成的,且整体上仍是新构造运动的继承;东部大部分地区不存在年主应变的优势分布方向.年最大剪应变在不同地区差别很大,变化范围从4.13times;10-8~7.0times;10-10, 总体上西部大于东部. 同一区域年最大剪应变的多年变化表明,西部变化大,东部变化平缓. 年面膨胀显示,研究区大部分为压缩区,且同一区域的多年变化平缓.      

基于土地利用变化的中国省域碳排放时空差异及碳补偿研究

选择中国30个省级行政区为研究单元,基于土地利用和能源消耗等数据,采用碳排放系数法,对2003~2016年中国土地利用碳源/汇进行计算,探究中国省域土地利用碳排放和碳吸收时空演变,并以碳盈亏时空分析为基础,通过生态补偿系数和经济贡献系数分析碳排放的差异性,以净碳排放量作为基准值进行碳补偿价值的研究。结果表明:① 研究期间碳排放总量和净碳排放量除在2015年出现小幅度下降现象,其余年度均呈现不断增加趋势;碳吸收总量呈现稳中有升的趋势。②土地利用碳吸收的主要载体是耕地和林地,碳汇资源空间差异明显,基本呈现西高东低的分布特征,多数省份在研究期内基本保持一致的碳吸收类型。③ 碳排放总量分布空间差异显著,且主要来自建设用地。④ 依据净碳排放量的区域差异,将其划分为高碳排放区、一般碳排放区、低碳排放区、碳汇区4种类型。⑤ 由于各省域碳补偿标准和净碳排放量的差异导致碳补偿价值区域差异明显。     

Spatial patch structure and adaptive strategy for desert shrub of Reaumuria soongorica in arid ecosystem of the Heihe River Basin

In many arid ecosystems, vegetation frequently occurs in high-cover patches interspersed in a matrix of low plant cover. However, theoretical explanations for shrub patch pattern dynamics along climate gradients remain unclear on a large scale. This context aimed to assess the variance of the Reaumuria soongorica patch structure along the precipitation gradient and the factors that affect patch structure formation in the middle and lower Heihe River Basin (HRB). Field investigations on vegetation patterns and heterogeneity in soil properties were conducted during 2014 and 2015. The results showed that patch height, size and plant-to-patch distance were smaller in high precipitation habitats than in low precipitation sites. Climate, soil and vegetation explained 82.5% of the variance in patch structure. Spatially, R. soongorica shifted from a clumped to a random pattern on the landscape towards the MAP gradient, and heterogeneity in the surface soil properties (the ratio of biological soil crust (BSC) to bare gravels (BG)) determined the R. soongorica population distribution pattern in the middle and lower HRB. A conceptual model, which integrated water availability and plant facilitation and competition effects, was revealed that R. soongorica changed from a flexible water use strategy in high precipitation regions to a consistent water use strategy in low precipitation areas. Our study provides a comprehensive quantification of the variance in shrub patch structure along a precipitation gradient and may improve our understanding of vegetation pattern dynamics in the Gobi Desert under future climate change.