青藏高原地面感热对北半球大气环流和中国气候异常的影响

在青藏高原地面感热通量的基本气候特征以及异常变化的空间结构和时间演变趋势研究的基础上,进一步就高原地面感热异常对北半球大气环流和中国气候异常的影响进行诊断研究,并利用IAP2-LAGCM对青藏高原地面感热异常的影响进行了数值试验.结果表明:冬季地面感热在青藏高原西部、藏南谷地、横断山地区异常偏强,中、东部异常偏弱时,可使北半球500 hPa高度场表现出较明显的EU型和PNA型;高原西部、青海中北部异常偏弱,高原中部及东南部异常偏强时,使北半球100 hPa高度场的年际差异加强;西部、南部为正,柴达木及青海东部地区为负时,则新疆南部、西北东部及江南地区少雨,全国大部地区气温偏高.夏季高原地面感热通量距平特征为西南、藏南谷地、横断山区偏强,高原大部(中心在青海南部)异常偏弱时,则500"a高度场上青藏高原南部(孟加拉湾)高度偏高,高原北部高度偏低,负值区在帕米尔;当感热通量距平特征为高原西南、藏南谷地、横断山区偏弱,高原大部异常偏强时,有利于南亚高压的建立与维持;当地面感热通量呈南正北负距平差异时,长江上游、黄河源头及西北地区东部和东北部分地区降水量比常年偏多,气温偏低,中国东部、南部降水偏少,气温偏高.通过数值模式进行的敏感性试验证实了大气环流及区域气候变化对青藏高原地面感热总体异常的响应.       

Why does the IOD-ENSO teleconnection disappear in some decades?

Lag correlations between sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTA) in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean(STIO) in fall and Nio 3.4 SSTA in the eastern equatorial Pacific in the following fall are subjected to decadal variation,with positive correlations during some decades and negative correlations during others. Negative correlations are smaller and of shorter duration than positive correlations. Variations in lag correlations suggest that the use of the Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD) as a predictor of the El Nio Southern Oscillation(ENSO) at a lead time of one year is not effective during some decades. In this study,lag correlations between IOD and ENSO anomalies were analyzed to investigate why the IOD-ENSO teleconnection disappears during decades with negative correlations. Anomalies induced by the IOD in the equatorial Pacific Ocean during decades with negative correlations are still present,but at a greater depth than in decades with positive correlations,resulting in a lack of response to oceanic channel dynamics in the cold tongue SSTA. Lag correlations between oceanic anomalies in the west Pacific warm pool in fall and the equatorial Pacific cold tongue with a one-year time lag are significantly positive during decades with negative correlations. These results suggest that oceanic channel dynamics are overwhelmed by oceanatmosphere coupling over the equatorial Pacific Ocean during decades with negative correlations. Therefore,the Indonesian throughflow is not effective as a link between IOD signals and the equatorial Pacific ENSO.     

A Spectral Approach for Determining Altimeter Wind Speed Model Functions

We propose a new analytical algorithm for the estimation of wind speeds from altimeter data using the mean square slope of the ocean surface, which is obtained by integration of a widely accepted wind-wave spectrum including the gravity-capillary wave range. It indicates that the normalized radar cross section depends not only on the wind speed but also on the wave age. The wave state effect on the altimeter radar return becomes remarkable with increasing wind speed and cannot be neglected at high wind speeds. A relationship between wave age and nondimensional wave height based on buoy observational data is applied to compute the wave age using the significant wave height of ocean waves, which could be simultaneously obtained from altimeter data. Comparison with actual data shows that this new algorithm produces more reliable wind speeds than do empirical algorithms. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

利用本质矩阵进行低空无人机影像位姿恢复的研究

随着无人机的广泛应用,其相机安置方式及摄影姿态的任意化,造成影像基线方向多样化,利用传统的航空摄影测量方法处理此类影像较为困难。本文提出了一种基于本质矩阵恢复此类无人机影像位姿的方法。经试验证明,本文提出的定向测量不仅可以快速确定基线方向,求解影像外方位元素,而且重投影误差在1个像素以内。     

绿岩带型泰山蛇纹石质玉石地球化学特征及其成因指示

蛇纹石化与壳幔演化乃至地球上生命的起源过程密切相关.泰山蛇纹石质玉石产于华北克拉通鲁西雁翎关绿岩带内,是绿岩带型蛇纹石质玉石的典型代表,玉料可分为泰山墨玉、泰山碧玉和泰山翠斑玉(泰山花斑玉)三大类.虽然前人对泰山超基性岩型蛇纹石质玉石进行过研究,但对其玉石地球化学特征及其成因研究仍然薄弱.本文利用偏光显微镜、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、电感耦合等离子质谱(ICP-MS)等分析测试手段,对泰山玉进行了分析.结果显示,泰山墨玉主要矿物组成为叶蛇纹石和利蛇纹石,而泰山碧玉和翠斑玉主要矿物均为叶蛇纹石;三类玉料均富集Cr、Co、Ni等相容元素;与其他产地蛇纹石玉相比,泰山蛇纹石玉更富Ni而贫Cr;Cr/Ni和Ni/Co值变化范围分别为0.25～0.42、27.43～42.77;亏损部分大离子亲石元素(如Rb、Sr、Ba)和高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf).玉石具有稀土元素总量低(ΣREE=0.57～3.02μg/g),轻重稀土元素分异不明显,Eu负异常较为明显(δEu=0.18～0.45)等特征.早期形成的泰山墨玉主量元素更加贫Si、富Mg、Fe,泰山碧玉和翠斑玉则相对富Si和富集U、Pb等亲流体元素.结合野外产状特点,可以认为,①泰山玉原岩为华北克拉通新太古代鲁西绿岩带上残余亏损地幔部分熔融产生的超基性火山岩,其原岩具有岛弧火山岩的某些特征;②低Cr含量和Cr/Ni值,低稀土元素总量、轻重稀土元素分馏不明显等是绿岩带型泰山蛇纹石质玉石重要特征;③泰山碧玉和翠斑玉的成玉过程可能受到后期热液流体的叠加改造.     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TROPICAL PACIFIC SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND SUMMER RAINFALL OVER NORTHWEST CHINA

In this paper,the data of summer precipitation in Northwest China were expanded by means of EOF.According tomajor eigenvectors in expansion the area of Northwest China was divided into four natural rainfall regions.Amongthem the region of greatest precipitation variability is found over the East Qinghai-North Shaanxi region,includingEast Qinghai,Central and East Gansu,Ningxia and North Shaanxi.There is apparent teleconnection between the firstand second time-dependent coefficients in EOF expansion and the tropical Pacific SST in the corresponding period andearlier months.The variation of the east tropical Pacific SST in winter and spring is able to predict precipitation trend ofNorthwest China next summer.Moreover,in the El Nino years precipitation trend is opposite to the following year,andthe region from East Qinghai to North Shaanxi is most sensitive.     

泰安市做好泰山石保护及奇石市场管理

泰山是世界自然与文化双遗产,同时又是世界级地质公园。随着泰山知名度的不断提高和旅游业的蓬勃发展,泰山石作为泰安特有的地质资源受到社会各界的青睐,市场需求越来越大,对外影响越来越深远,由此带动了奇石资源的全面开发。但违法开采、盗采滥挖、破坏地质地貌景观和非法收购、销售奇石的行为同时存在,因此,保护和管理好奇石资源是非常重要的。     

中国干旱气候分区及其降水量变化特征

利用中国614个气象台站1974～2006年历年月平均降水资料,计算各站的降水量距平百分率及其干旱等级序列,采用REOF等方法,对干旱等级序列进行气候分区,并分析各区域50a左右干旱等级的时间演变特征。结果表明：全国降水量具有显著的年代际变化特征,尤其西北地区年代际变化十分突出,其中新疆西部地区在21世纪以来降水量的增加非常明显,增加的程度也是近33a中最强的。根据干旱等级序列的旋转载荷向量将中国划分为11个区域,它们各自具有不同的旱涝特征。干旱等级序列和代表站资料反映出近50a东北、华北及河套地区的干旱明显加重,而西北大部分地区降水量有显著的增加。     

近30a青藏高原气候与冰川变化中的两种特殊现象

近30 a全球强烈变暖,水循环加快,冰川也加剧退缩。青藏高原以其特殊的地理位置与下垫面,既对全球变暖有正常的反应,也出现了异常特殊现象。这种特殊现象已发现两处：1) 青藏高原北部偏西冰芯记录降温0.6℃,相应的冰川退缩微弱,融水径流降低;2) 青藏高原东南部以岗日嘎布山区为代表,出现较多的冰川前进,可能指示降水量有较大的增加。上述事实指示气候变化与冰川响应的复杂性。     

热液矿床中含钙矿物的Sm-Nd同位素定年

Sm、Nd的离子半径相似、化学性质很相近,母体衰变形成的子体易在矿物晶格中保存下来,故矿物或岩石中的Sm—Nd同位素体系易保持封闭,具有较强的抗风化、抗蚀变能力,是一种有效的定年工具。但长期以来,Sm—Nd同位素体系主要用于前寒武纪地质年代学研究,研究对象主要限于陨石、月球岩石、古老的基性、超基性岩和前寒武纪老地层等。近年的研究表明,热液矿床中一些含钙矿物,其REE含量较高,Sm／Nd分馏明显,是很有潜力的Sm—Nd同位素定年对象,能对矿床的成矿时间进行精确制约。本文对萤石、白钨矿、方解石、电气石等常见热液含钙矿物的Sm—Nd同位素研究现状进行归纳总结,并对该方法在中国热液矿床中进一步的应用前景进行了展望,以期促进Sm—Nd同位素成矿年代学在我国的推广和应用。