常州市地下水化学特征与成因分析

常州市是长江三角洲地区典型的工业化城市,多年来的快速发展对地下水环境产生了系列影响,地下水化学组分受到天然条件和人为活动的双重因素控制,现状地下水化学成因和影响因素亟需深入研究。本文在地下水赋存条件分析的基础上,综合采用统计分析、离子比值、主成分分析法对常州各层地下水化学特征和成因开展分析。结果表明,区域潜水水化学类型以HCO3-—Ca2+·Mg2+、HCO3-—Ca2+和HCO3-·Cl-—Na+·Ca2+型为主,第Ⅰ承压水以HCO3-—Na+·Ca2+和HCO3-—Ca2+型为主、第Ⅱ承压水以HCO3-—Na+·Ca2+型为主。从浅层至深层,地下水的碱性逐渐增强,ρ(TDS)均值降低,水化学类型由多元向单一转变。地下水化学组分主要受矿物溶解、阳离子交替吸附和人类活动共同影响。其中,潜水和第Ⅰ承压水化学成因主要受控于碳酸盐、硅酸盐、蒸发岩盐和硫酸盐矿物溶解作用,且二者受人类活动影响特征较显著。第Ⅱ、Ⅲ承压水受碳酸盐、硅酸盐矿物溶解和阳离子交替吸附作用明显,人类活动对深层地下水影响甚微。     

汉阴北部吴家湾金矿地质特征及流体包裹体研究

吴家湾金矿是汉阴北部地区的一个重要的金矿床,处于南秦岭石泉-神河韧性滑脱逆冲推覆带。对其进行野外地质研究发现,吴家湾金矿赋矿层位为梅子垭组第一岩性段第四岩性层（S1m14）,岩性主要为含碳绢云片岩夹硅质岩;控矿构造主要为RFa和RFb 2条顺层韧性剪切带,大致可分辨出S1、S2及S3 3期构造面理,S0几乎全部被置换,S2期变形与金矿成矿关系密切,金矿体主要于该期形成的韧性剪切带中产出。在地质研究基础上,可将吴家湾金矿区石英脉划分为3期,对流体包裹体的研究表明,包裹体类型以气液两相包裹体为主,纯气相、纯液相及三相包裹体较少见;均一温度范围介于176.8~344.4℃,集中于230~280℃。盐度范围为0.35%~13.51%,集中于2%~10%,成矿流体属于中-低温、低盐度流体。流体捕获深度在1.38~3.47 km,集中于1.5~2.8 km,于中浅部成矿。S2期石英脉流与成矿关系紧密,流体包裹体均一温度主要集中在240~280℃,为主成矿期流体。激光拉曼光谱分析表明气液两相包裹体液相成分以H2O为主,含少量CO2和CH4;气相成分主要为CO2,其次为CH4、N2及H2S;包裹体类型主要为富含CO2的H2O-CO2体系包裹体。对汉阴北部不同地区流体包裹体的性质进行对比研究后发现,流体包裹体均一温度为190~260℃,盐度为6%~10%,在这个区间内有利于成矿。     

三次样条函数在海洋水文资料整理中的应用

本文引入三次样条函数插值法,并尝试用于海洋资料处理。根据渤海及北黄海部分海洋站的历史资料进行了试验。用SHARP—PC—1211袖珍计算机进行计算,并将资料处理的结果与传统的过程曲线法订正值作了比较。结果表明,二者之间的误差不大,而样条函数拟合更好。作者认为三次样条函数插值法是可行的,在处理海洋资料时间序列中是有效的。在有温跃层的地方,如何应用,本文也给出了必要的说明。     

相控震源定向地震波信号分析

应用可控震源地震勘探,当环境噪声很强,采用组合震源工作仍不能满足信噪比要求时,引入能形成定向地震波的相控震源.由相控震源定向照明地震理论分析,主波束方向上3单元相控震源产生的反射地震波信号信噪比比单震源高6.53~9.54 dB,比组合震源高1.76~4.77dB.为研究相控地震实际效果,在同一测区进行了三种震源地震对比实验.由单炮地震记录和水平叠加时间剖面可知,相控震源反射波信号信噪比明显高于单震源情况,略高于组合震源情况.进一步对反射波信号功率谱特性做定量分析,得到如下结果：与单震源情况相比,相控震源使各道反射波信号信噪比提高了0.75~8.15 dB,平均提高3.65 dB;与组合震源情况相比,各道信噪比提高了0.93~3.17 dB,平均提高2.02 dB,实验结果与理论分析吻合.综上所述可知,基于相控震源的定向照明地震技术是可行的,可以有效提高地震信号的信噪比.     

On the relationship between historical land‐use change and water availability: the case of the lower Tarim River region in northwestern China

Natural ecosystems in the region of the lower Tarim River in northwestern China strongly deteriorated since the 1950s due to an expanding desertification. As a result, the downstream Tarim River reaches became permanently dry land. This historical evolution in land‐use change is typically the result of the anthropogenic impact on natural ecosystems. On the basis of a spatially distributed hydrological catchment model bidirectionally linked with a fully hydrodynamic MIKE11 river model, land‐use changes characterized by historical changes in leaf area index (LAI) of vegetation, as well as the evolution of irrigated surface areas, can be causally related to changes in water resources (groundwater storage and surface water resources). An increased surface area of irrigated (agricultural) land, together with a majority of inefficient irrigation methods, did lead to a strong increase of water resources consumption of the farmlands located in the upper Tarim River area. Evidently, this evolution influenced available water resources downstream in the Tarim basin. As a result, farmland has been gradually relocated to the upstream regions. This has led to reduced flows from the upper Tarim stream, which subsequently accelerated the dropping of the groundwater level downstream in the basin. This study moreover demonstrates that land surface biomass changes (cumulative LAI) along the lower Tarim River are strongly related to the changes in groundwater storage. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An algorithm for determination of aerosol opticalthickness from AVHRR imagery over oceans

Summary The uncertainty in aerosol size distributions is a main source of errors in aerosol optical thickness determined from satellite measurements. To reduce the errors resulting from the uncertainty in aerosol size distributions, we have performed sensitivity analyses. It is found the errors resulting from the uncertainty in aerosol size distribution can be considerably reduced by using the Junge power law to approximate the aerosol size distribution in an actual atmosphere, if the exponent value is determined at the same time. An iterative algorithm is then developed for the simultaneous determination of aerosol optical thickness and the exponent of the Junge power law over ocean areas from the upwelling radiances measured in AVHRR visible and near infrared channels. A number of numerical experiments are carried out to investigate the validity of the Junge power law approximation by assuming the aerosol size distributions in an actual atmosphere are bimodal with different mode parameters, and by using the actual aerosol size distributions determined at several places by Kaufman et al. (1994). The results show that the errors in determined aerosol optical thickness resulting from the Junge power law approach are significantly reduced. The iterative algorithm is investigated further by comparing the aerosol optical thickness deduced from satellite measurement with that observed by a sun photometer. Received October 10, 2001 Revised December 28, 2001     

Cu(II) adsorption at the calcite-water interface in the presence of natural organic matter: Kinetic studies and molecular-scale characterization

We have characterized the adsorption of Suwannee River humic acid (SRHA) and Cu(II) on calcite from preequilibrated solutions at pH 8.25. Sorption isotherms of SRHA on calcite follow Langmuir-type behavior at SRHA concentrations less than 15 mg C L⁻¹, whereas non-Langmuirian uptake becomes evident at concentrations greater than 15 mg C L⁻¹. The adsorption of SRHA on calcite is rapid and mostly irreversible, with corresponding changes in electrostatic properties. At pH 8.25, Cu(II) uptake by calcite in the presence of dissolved SRHA decreases with increasing dissolved SRHA concentration, suggesting that formation of Cu-SRHA aqueous complexes is the primary factor controlling Cu(II) sorption at the calcite surface under the conditions of our experiments. We also observed that surface-bound SRHA has little influence on Cu(II) uptake by calcite, suggesting that Cu(II) coordinates to calcite surface sites rather than to surface-bound SRHA.Cu K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) spectroscopic results show that the local coordination of Cu adsorbed at the calcite surface is very similar in the presence and absence of SRHA. Ca backscatterers at ∼3.90 Å indicate that Cu(II) forms tetragonally distorted inner-sphere adsorption complexes in both binary and ternary systems. Subtle differences in the XANES and EXAFS between binary sorption samples and ternary sorption samples, however, prevent us from ruling out the formation of ternary Cu-SRHA surface complexes. Our findings demonstrate that SRHA plays an important role in controlling the fate and transport of Cu(II) in calcite-bearing systems.     

小秦岭——熊耳山地区金矿时代

全面系统地了小秦岭－－熊耳山地区金矿成矿时代的研究历史和现状,根据地质特征,检验了各类测试方法的可信度,并列出了最新的测试数据。进而提出了印支期是小秦岭－－熊耳山财区乃至整个秦的一个重要的金、多金属的成矿期的新认识,认为这是华北与扬子两大板块在鲟支期完成碰撞对接这一重大地质事件中在后缘拉和机制下,驱动早期地幔柱复活成矿的结果。     

城市扩展强度及其地表热特性遥感定量分析

城市化将自然景观转变为不同土地利用的城市景观,改变了地表的物理特性。因此,有关城市扩张及其对环境的影响的准确信息具有广泛的应用价值。利用遥感技术监测土地利用变化成为城市环境研究的重要内容,然而利用遥感技术定量提取城市扩展及其强度的定量信息仍存在许多挑战。本文提出了定量确定城市扩展范围及其发展强度的新方法——地图密度指数。并以中部城市——长沙为例,利用Landsat TM/ETM+数据定量评价了城市扩张及其热环境特征的变化。首先,集成遥感光谱指数提取地表非渗透表面,然后利用移动窗口算法获得地图密度指数,再根据设定的阈值获得密度指数等级图,依此密度指数等级图识别城市扩展范围及其发展强度。再结合地表温度反演的数据,分析了城市格局及其变化与地表热特性变化的定量关系。结果表明,自1990年代以来,长沙市城市区域及其发展密度显著增加,城市发展的密度差异与地表温度相一致。 地图密度指数能较好刻画城市扩展范围及其发展强度,并与地表温度空间分布存在较好的对应关系。