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11.
Joost Hoek Anna-Louise Reysenbach Donald E. Canfield 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2006,70(23):5831-5841
The fractionation of sulfur isotopes by the thermophilic chemolithoautotrophic Thermodesulfatator indicus was explored during sulfate reduction under excess and reduced hydrogen supply, and the full temperature range of growth (40-80 °C). Fractionation of sulfur isotopes measured under reduced H2 conditions in a fed-batch culture revealed high fractionations (24-37‰) compared to fractionations produced under excess H2 supply (1-6‰). Higher fractionations correlated with lower sulfate reduction rates. Such high fractionations have never been reported for growth on H2. For temperature-dependant fractionation experiments cell-specific rates of sulfate reduction increased with increasing temperatures to 70 °C after which sulfate-reduction rates rapidly decreased. Fractionations were relatively high at 40 °C and decreased with increasing temperature from 40-60 °C. Above 60 °C, fractionation trends switched and increased again with increasing temperatures. These temperature-dependant fractionation trends have not previously been reported for growth on H2 and are not predicted by a generally accepted fractionation model for sulfate reduction, where fractionations are controlled as a function of temperature, by the balance of the exchange of sulfate across the cell membrane, and enzymatic reduction rates of sulfate. Our results are reproduced with a model where fractionation is controlled by differences in the temperature response of enzyme reaction rates and the exchange of sulfate in and out of the cell. 相似文献
12.
Bryan G. Mark Geoffrey O. Seltzer Donald T. Rodbell Adam Y. Goodman 《Quaternary Research》2002,57(3):287
Moraine chronology is combined with digital topography to model deglacial rates of paleoglacier volumes in both the Huancané Valley on the west side of the Quelccaya Ice Cap and the Upismayo Valley on the northwest side of the Cordillera Vilcanota. The fastest rates of deglaciation (39×10−5 to 114×10−5 km3 yr−1 and 112×10−5 to 247×10−5 km3 yr−1 for each valley, respectively) were calculated for the most recent paleoglaciers, corresponding to the last few centuries. These results are consistent with observations in the Venezuelan Andes showing high rates of deglaciation since the Little Ice Age. These rates also fall within the range of 20th century rates of deglaciation measured on the Quelccaya Ice Cap (29×10−5 to 220×10−5 km3 yr−1, Brecher and Thompson, 1993; Thompson, 2000). These results imply that rates of deglaciation may fluctuate significantly over time and that high rates of deglaciation may not be exclusive to the late 20th century. Equilibrium line altitude (ELA) depressions for the ice volumes of the last glaciation modeled here were computed as 230 m for the Quelccaya Ice Cap and 170 m for the Cordillera Vilcanota. Maximum ELA depressions are lower than previously published: <500 m for the Cordillera Vilcanota and <400 m for the Quelccaya Ice Cap. These lower values could imply a topographic control over paleoglacier extent. 相似文献
13.
The thermal expansion of supercooled liquids in the haplobasaltic (anorthite-diopside) system have been determined via methods of container-based dilatometry. The expansivity data obtained in this study agree well with estimates provided by previous dilatometric determinations in the system that have relied on alternative experimental strategies. The data have been combined with high-temperature, superliquidus determinations of melt density to obtain expressions for the volume-temperature (V-T) relationships of liquids in the anorthite-diopside system. The V-T data clearly indicate a nonlinear temperature dependence of volume for all melts investigated. The variation is most striking for diopside, where the coefficient of volume thermal expansion decreases ∼56% from temperatures near the glass transition to superliquidus temperatures. With increasing anorthite content, the degree of variation appears to decrease. An42Di58 exhibits a decrease of 39% of its coefficient of thermal expansion and An98Di02 of 33%, respectively. The expansivities obtained in this study cannot be reproduced by means of published models that are based on linear V-T relationships. They require instead a reanalysis of existing pressure-V-T equations of state models for silicate melts. 相似文献
14.
The Significance of Ground Water in Small Watershed Studies 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Donald O. Rosenberry 《Ground water》2003,41(7):881-882
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Donald E. Wilson 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1980,44(9):1311-1317
Montmorillonite, kaolinite, goethite, and particulate and soluble natural organic materials influence the rate of Mn(II) oxidation. While surfaces accelerate the reaction, apparently by bonding Mn2+ in a manner which fulfills the requirements of the transition state, soluble organic materials retard the reaction by complexing the oxidizable species. It is doubtful whether particulate matter would influence the oxidation process under natural loading conditions since 50–500 mg l?1quantities are required to produce measurable changes in the reaction rate. Complexation by humic materials, however, might be expected to reduce the rate of oxidation by an amount proportional to the dissolved organic carbon concentration. Oxidation followed by precipitation is predicted to be an important mechanism for Mn2+ removal in oceanic waters. The situation is less predictable in lake waters. 相似文献
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Christopher R. J. Charles Phil J. A. McCausland Donald W. Davis 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2020,55(5):1093-1102
Lovina, classified as an ungrouped ataxite, is controversial and its identity as a meteorite has been questioned. In this work, we use Pb isotopes on targeted troilite nodules in Lovina as a test of its antiquity and provenance. Although precise ages cannot be obtained, LA‐ICP‐MS offers a rapid, straightforward procedure to establish the source of lead, whether ancient (meteoritic) or modern (terrestrial). For nine pristine, unweathered nodules in Lovina, we find a lead isotopic composition of: 206Pb/208Pb = 0.492 ± 0.003 (2σ, MSWD 0.79; 95%) and 207Pb/206Pb = 0.852 ± 0.003 (2σ, MSWD 1.09; 95%) with no detectable uranium. All lead compositions of the troilite fall in the range expected for modern environmental and mantle lead and are distinctly different from the primordial Canyon Diablo Troilite (CDT) composition of ancient meteoritic troilite. Although the origin of Lovina remains unknown, we conclude that lead in the Lovina troilite is unsupported by U decay and originated from a terrestrial source. 相似文献