Review of Rapid Transformation of Floodplain Wetlands in Northeast China: Roles of Human Development and Global Environmental Change

Northeast China is the region with the largest area of wetlands in China. The Sanjiang Plain and the Songnen Plain are large freshwater marsh distribution regions that are affected by climate warming and by the increasing frequency and density of extreme weather and are the regions most subject to disturbances by human activities in Northeast China. The wetlands of the Sanjiang Plain and the Songnen Plain have shrunk severely in the past 60 years, and wetland functions have been reduced substantially because of climate change, unreasonable land use, fire episodes, engineering and construction works and urbanization. Large-scale agricultural development started in the 1950s has been the most important driving factor for wetland loss and degradation in the Sanjiang Plain. Water shortage has been the most important factor for degradation and fragmentation of wetlands in the Songnen Plain. To mitigate wetland degradation and better protect wetlands, special regulations, long-term mechanisms and technical support of wetland protection should be established. A wetland compensation program should be implemented, and technologies for increasing the adaptive capacity of wetlands should be developed. Moreover, it is most important to find the balanced threshold between agricultural development and wetland protection.     

A systematic review of research studies on the estimation of net primary productivity in the Three-River Headwater Region,China

The Three-River Headwater Region (TRHR), known as the “Water Tower of China”, is an important ecological shelter for national security interests and regional sustainable development activities for many downstream regions in China and a number of Southeast Asian countries. The TRHR is a high-elevation, cold environment with a unique, but typical alpine vegetation system. Net primary productivity (NPP) is a key vegetation parameter and ecological indicator that can reflect both natural environmental changes and carbon budget levels. Given the unique geographical environment and strategic location of the TRHR, many scholars have estimated NPP of the TRHR by using different methods; however, these estimates vary greatly for a number of reasons. To date, there is no paper that has reviewed and assessed NPP estimation studies conducted in the TRHR. Therefore, in this paper, we (1) summarized the related methods and results of NPP estimation in the TRHR in a systematic review of previous research; (2) discussed the suitability of existing methods for estimating NPP in the TRHR and highlighted the most significant challenges; and (3) assessed the estimated NPP results. Finally, developmental directions of NPP estimation in the TRHR were prospected.     

饱和度对泥质粉砂岩冻结力学性质的影响

饱和度对泥质粉砂岩常温下力学性质的影响已多有讨论,但对其冻结状态下力学性质的影响尚不明确。对6种饱和度（0%、20%、40%、60%、80%、100%）的泥质粉砂岩样品冻结前后的纵波波速、核磁共振T₂谱、冻结状态下的抗拉强度和点荷载强度进行了测试,试验结果表明：（1）冻结状态下,随饱和度的增加,纵波波速呈现先降低后升高的趋势;（2）在-20℃下,完全饱和样品内部孔隙水有49.2%保持未冻,60%饱和度的样品有81.4%未冻,而20%饱和度样品有87.4%的孔隙水没有冻结;（3）冻结状态下岩样的抗拉强度和点荷载强度随初始饱和度的增加均呈现减小-增加-减小的趋势,在饱和度80%左右均有一极大值,且两个强度的最大值均不出现在饱和度100%时。分析后发现,在低饱和度的状态下,冻结岩石的强度仍取决于孔隙中的未冻水含量;而在高饱和度的区间,孔隙冰的含量决定了其冻结强度;对于接近饱和的岩石,其冻结强度还受到冻胀损伤的影响。     

新疆额尔齐斯河边滩砾石定向性特征及其意义*

综合运用玫瑰图以及Curray的计算方法,对额尔齐斯河某处边滩上的20个观测点的砾石定向性进行了研究。结果表明,研究区砾石长轴存在定向排列且最优方向和河流流向平行,但是砾石定向性特征还和其他因素有关。颗粒支撑方式对砾石定向性有一定影响,多级颗粒支撑的砾石定向性最好,其次是颗粒支撑的砾石。水动力强弱会影响砾石定向排列,当水动力比较弱时,砾石在流水作用下以滚动的方式被搬运,砾石长轴和河流流向垂直;水动力比较强时,砾石在流水作用下以跳跃方式被搬运并且长轴和流向平行,在这种情况下其所受阻力最小,能够保持稳定状态。砾石粒径也会影响砾石定向性,在水动力比较弱时,小砾石(粒径小于2cm)长轴和河流流向垂直,大砾石(粒径大于2cm)和河流流向平行;但是当水动力较强时,砾石粒径大小对颗粒定向性特征的影响就可以忽略不计。因此运用砾石长轴来判断古流向时,要综合考虑研究区的古气候、沉积时的水动力等其他因素,然后确定河流流向和砾石长轴的关系,最后再确定研究区的古流向。     

基于CloudSat卫星资料分析东太平洋台风的云、降水和热力结构特征

利用2006～2010年的CloudSat热带气旋过境数据集资料,依据风速大小划分为不同演变阶段,对各阶段内东太平洋台风的云、降水和热力结构进行综合分析。结果表明:雷达反射率在5 km高度上下的分布截然相反,沿径向回波强度和顶高不断减小。各类云沿径向和垂直方向的分布差异较大,而深对流云的垂直尺度和发生概率始终较大。有效粒子半径、分布宽度参数和冰水含量随高度减小而粒子数浓度却增大,沿径向各冰云参数以及降雨率都不断减小。各阶段降雨率总体上夏季大于秋季,沿纬向各季节在不同阶段的分布各异。内核区降雨率近似服从指数分布且对暖的海面温度SST较为敏感,其与雷达反射率的散点分布集中在三个区域内。内核区5～10 km高度存在暖核结构,其下方恰好对应湿心区,而10 km以上相对湿度距平较大值区对应台风顶部的卷云罩。各阶段4.5 km以上为对流性稳定层结而该高度以下的层结特性各异,此外假相当位温沿径向不断减小。     

华北降水季节演变主要模态及影响因子

使用华北地区120站降水资料、美国国家环境预报中心和美国国家大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)再分析环流资料和Kaplan扩展海温资料(Kaplan et al.,1998),对华北降水季节演变主要模态及影响因子进行了研究.结果表明,华北降水季节演变存在两个主要模态,第一模态夏季降水在中北部偏多、南部偏少,第二模态夏季...     

Effect of uneven noise source and/or station distribution on estimating the azimuth anisotropy of surface waves

With the development of the dense array, the surface wave velocity and azimuthal anisotropy under the array can be directly obtained by beamforming the noise cross-correlation functions (NCFs). However, the retrieval of the Green's function by cross-correlating the seismic noise requires that the noise source has a uniform distribution. For the case with uneven noise source, the azimuthal dependence on the sources in the expression for the spatial coherence function, which corresponds to the NCF in the time domain, has the same form as the azimuthal dependence of the surface wave velocity in weakly anisotropic media. Therefore, the uneven noise source will affect the surface wave anisotropy extraction. In this study, three passive seismic methods, i.e., beamforming, SPAC (spatial autocorrelation), and NCF, are compared to demonstrate that an uneven source distribution and uneven station distribution have equivalent effects on the outcome from each method. A beamforming method is proposed to directly extract the velocity and azimuthal anisotropy of surface waves. The effect of uneven noise source and/or station distribution on estimating the azimuth anisotropy of surface waves was investigated using data from the ChinArray Phase II. A method for correcting the apparent anisotropy in beamforming results caused by an uneven station distribution is suggested.     

Experimental study of unidirectional irregular wave slamming on the three-dimensional structure in the splash zone

The experimental investigation of unidirectional random wave slamming on the three-dimensional structure in the splash zone is presented. The experiment is conducted in the marine environment channel in the State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology. The test wave is unidirectional irregular wave. The experiments are carried out with perpendicular random waves (β=0°) and oblique random waves (β=15°, 30°, 45°), the significant wave heights H_1/3 ranging from 7.5 to 20 cm with 2.5 cm increment, the peak wave periods T_p ranging from 0.75 to 2.0 s with 0.25 s increment, and the clearance of the model with respect to the significant wave height s/H_1/3 ranging from 0.0 to 0.5 with 0.1 increment. The statistical analysis results of different test cases are presented. The statistical distribution characteristics of the perpendicular irregular wave impact pressures are compared with that of the oblique irregular wave on the underside of the structure. The effect of the wave direction β on the wave impact forces on the underside of the structure is determined. The relation between the impact forces and the parameters such as the significant wave height, the relative structure width and the relative clearance of the structure is also discussed.     

2004/2005年冬季强寒潮事件的等熵位涡分析

利用2004年12月1日—2005年2月28日的NCAR/NCEP逐日再分析资料,对2004年12月22日—2005年1月1日的强寒潮事件进行等熵位涡分析。结果表明:这次强寒潮事件的强冷空气来自欧亚北部和北极地区的高纬平流层下部与对流层上部。在寒潮爆发前期,高位涡强冷空气传播到贝加尔湖南侧,并被来自低纬度的低位涡空气所切断,在欧亚地区形成北部低位涡(阻塞高压)南部高位涡(低涡)的偶极型环流。随着低位涡的减弱消亡,高位涡强冷空气沿高原北侧向东南方向移动,当高位涡中心移到中国东部地区,高位涡空气柱在垂直方向上强烈向下伸展,使得气柱的气旋性涡度加强,东亚大槽迅速加深,引起寒潮的爆发。进一步分析表明,高位涡中心向南、向下传播过程中,等熵面上高位涡中心附近气流在其西侧和北侧地区沿等熵面下沉,引起上述地区低层西伯利亚高压迅速发展,导致强寒潮爆发。     

青海湖沉积柱Dinoflagellate藻类基因丰度变化及其古气候环境的指示意义

近年来,有学者通过古DNA方法成功地重建了海洋沉积记录中古微生物群落变化,并借此反演了当地古环境-气候变化。然而,此种方法对于陆地湖泊沉积记录是否适用仍然有待研究。本文采用聚合酶链式反应（PCR, Polymerase Chain Reaction）、变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE,Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis）与实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（Q-PCR,Quantitative PCR）相结合的综合分析技术手段,系统研究青海湖5.8米（时间跨度为～18500年）沉积柱dinoflagellate真核藻类多样性和丰度变化。研究结果显示青海湖Dinoflagellate藻18S rRNA基因序列主要与海洋型藻类Woloszynskia halophila和Scrippsiella hangoei相近（～98%序列相似性）。定量Q-PCR结果显示,每克沉积物含有dinoflagellate藻类18S rRNA基因丰度范围为2.27×103～8.55×106拷贝。另外,Dinoflagellate藻类18S rRNA基因丰度与总有机碳含量成显著正相关（r = 0.408,p = 0.0001）。对比分析揭示较高的藻类丰度对应高总有机碳含量和较低的可溶解性盐电导率;反之,较低的藻类丰度对应较高的可溶解性盐电导率和较低的总有机碳含量。在青海湖区,总有机碳指示着季风降雨变化并间接地指示着外源输入和湖泊营养状况变化,然而可溶性盐电导率则指示着湖泊盐度变化。综上所诉,青海湖沉积柱Dinoflagellate藻类丰度可能响应着历史时期湖泊营养状况和盐度波动情况。