用黄土地球化学参数进行古气候定量估算的初步尝试

尝试了用表土地球化学转换函数恢复渭南剖面最近１３万ａ米的古温度,古降水。结果显示：（１）全新世适宜期及末次间冰期时,降水量显著增加,渭南地区的年降水量可大于７００ｍｍ（２）末次冰期时降水量明显低于全新世适宜期及末次间冰期,但是这一时期有一些次一级的变化;特别与深海Ｏ同位素阶段４对应的时期不仅降水量显著降低,而且还有更次一级的变化;（３０全新世适宜期时,渭南地区的年平均温度在１２－１４℃左右,末次冰     

天目湖流域丘陵山区典型土地利用类型氮流失特征

天目湖丘陵山区农业综合开发持续推进,大量林地转变为茶园,迫切需要认识茶园扩张对流域氮流失的影响.本研究选取茶园、次生马尾松林和毛竹林开展自然降雨条件下的径流小区实验,分析天目湖丘陵山区典型用地类型径流氮流失规律,为评估丘陵山区综合开发的水环境影响提供实测参数.研究表明:茶园、次生马尾松林和毛竹林地表径流TN浓度分别为11.25、2.83和3.60 mg/L,均以溶解态为主;壤中流TN浓度分别为27.16、3.59和1.06 mg/L,茶园和次生马尾松林均以溶解性无机氮(尤其是硝态氮)为主,毛竹林以溶解性有机氮为主;茶园、次生马尾松林和毛竹林的小区尺度地表径流系数均不到0.03,壤中流是丘陵山区径流的主要来源;茶园开发加剧了丘陵山区的氮素流失,茶园径流TN流失强度高达103.08 kg/(hm²·a),分别是次生马尾松林和毛竹林的7.6和23.2倍,壤中流贡献了流失总量的86.7%~99.7%.防治茶园径流氮流失需重点关注壤中流输出,在减量施肥的基础上,采取坡脚构建毛竹林生态缓冲带/在小流域出口布设塘坝等原位拦截措施,实现流域氮流失综合防控.     

Rupture model of the 2013 M_W 6.6 Lushan (China) earthquake constrained by a new GPS data set and its effects on potential seismic hazard

Vertical records are critically important when determining the rupture model of an earthquake, especially a thrust earthquake. Due to the relatively low fitness level of near-field vertical displacements, the precision of previous rupture models is relatively low, and the seismic hazard evaluated thereafter should be further updated. In this study, we applied three-component displacement records from GPS stations in and around the source region of the 2013 MW6.6 Lushan earthquake to re-investigate the rupture model.To improve the resolution of the rupture model, records from both continuous and campaign GPS stations were gathered, and secular deformations of the GPS movements were removed from the records of the campaign stations to ensure their reliability. The rupture model was derived by the steepest descent method(SDM), which is based on a layered velocity structure. The peak slip value was about 0.75 m, with a seismic moment release of 9.89 × 10~(18) N·m, which was equivalent to an M_W6.6 event. The inferred fault geometry coincided well with the aftershock distribution of the Lushan earthquake. Unlike previous rupture models, a secondary slip asperity existed at a shallow depth and even touched the ground surface. Based on the distribution of the co-seismic ruptures of the Lushan and Wenchuan earthquakes, post-seismic relaxation of the Wenchuan earthquake, and tectonic loading process, we proposed that the seismic hazard is quite high and still needs special attention in the seismic gap between the two earthquakes.     

几款全球海底地形模型比较分析

近几十年,随着卫星测高技术和相关数据精密处理技术发展,依托卫星测高技术业已成为快速获取全球海底地形数据的可靠手段,国内外相关组织机构已发布了一系列全球海底地形模型。整理评述了多款全球海底地形的基本情况,以及相互间的内在联系,包括DBDB系列模型、ETOPO系列模型、Sandwell系列模型、GEBCO系列模型、SRTM+系列模型、EARTH地形球谐系数模型、BAT_VGG模型、BAT_WHU2020模型、STO_IEU2020模型等。通过对全球海底地形模型的认识和梳理,以期为下一步全球海底地形模型高效、低成本构建提供方法参考。     

2003年的极端天气和气候事件及其他相关事件

气候变化正在进行着,极端天气和气候事件似乎在增加.2003年出现了一些创历史记录的极端事件,例如,年初俄罗斯和美国的暴风雪与严寒,3月份中东地区的强沙尘暴,印度季风前的热浪,夏季欧洲南部和中国南方大范围的炎热酷暑,6月底、7月初我国淮河流域的暴雨洪灾,9月份南极上空创历史记录最大最深的臭氧洞等等.这些极端天气和气候事件产生的机制及其可预测、预报性,有待深入的分析与研究.     

青岛夏季不同天气下气溶胶中无机氮磷的浓度及沉降研究

本文于2011年8月连续采集了青岛近岸大气气溶胶TSP(总悬浮颗粒物)样品,运用离子色谱法(IC)测定了可溶性无机氮磷组分的浓度,并估算了其干沉降通量,分析了天气过程对无机氮磷浓度的影响,讨论了大气干沉降对黄海初级生产力的影响。结果表明,夏季青岛沿海地区气溶胶颗粒物、NH+4-N、NO-3-N的平均浓度分别为139.96、9.70、3.08μg/m3,NO-2-N和PO3-4浓度很低,分别在0.15和1.00μg/m3以下;NH+4-N含量约为NO-3-N的3倍,二者之和占总无机氮的99%以上。天气过程显著影响颗粒物及无机氮的浓度和组成,雾天时,颗粒物、NH+4-N、NO-3-N的浓度分别升高到晴天时的1.48、1.98和2.21倍,大风天气下分别为晴天时的1.85、2.84和4.50倍;降雨对气溶胶存在明显的清除作用,对颗粒物和无机氮的清除率分别为7.70%~32.97%和54.16%~64.49%。气象要素和气团来源、路径对气溶胶浓度和组成的影响也十分显著。颗粒态无机氮磷的沉降通量分别为0.55和96.14μg/(m2·d),输入黄海后可产生94.51~138.30mg/(m2·month)的新生产力,对总初级生产力的贡献不大,但特殊天气下大气干沉降引起的新生产力可以在短时间内迅速增加。颗粒态无机氮磷的沉降通量之比为13.7,沉降后不会使黄海磷限制的营养盐结构产生明显变化。     

聊城市土地利用存在的问题及对策

聊城市位于山东省西部,土地总面积8715km2,占全省总面积的5.6%。辖东昌府区、临清市和阳谷、莘县、茌平、东阿、冠县、高唐6县,有129个乡(街道办事处)、6486个行政村,全市总人口563.76万,其中农业人口为427.97万。根据聊城市“十五”计划及2010年国民经济和社会发展规划纲要,到     

汶川M_W7.9和集集M_W7.6地震前应力场转换现象及其可能的前兆意义

2008年四川汶川MW7.9地震和1999年台湾集集MW7.6地震均为挤压推覆构造环境条件下发生的板内逆断层型地震。本文对比分析了两次地震前的CMT解、震区附近的中小地震震源机制解及其反演的应力场可知,集集地震主震震源机制解与用台湾内陆中西部的CMT解反演得到逆断层类型构造应力场吻合,而震区附近中小地震具有随机发生的性质,反演得到了震前与构造应力场不一致的走向滑动类型的局部应力场,但当局部应力场变化到与构造应力场一致时,数月后发生主震;同样,用青藏高原东部的CMT解震源机制反演得到走向滑动类型的构造应力场,逆冲类型的汶川主震与构造应力场的压应力轴吻合,震区附近中小地震反演得到了与构造应力场一致的区域应力场,但震前局部应力场变化为逆冲类型应力场一致时,随即发生主震。说明逆断层型主震区附近随着震源区应力积累,在震前会出现相似的应力场转换现象,当最终转换到与发生主震的应力状态一致时,表明震源区附近应力已达到相当高的应力水平,是发生大地震的征兆,应引起进一步的关注。     

Mechanisms of Transient Postseismic Deformation Following the 2001 Mw 7.8 Kunlun (China) Earthquake

Using global positioning system (GPS) technology, significant postseismic surface displacements were observed within the first 4 months after the 2001 Mw 7.8 Kunlun earthquake which occurred in China. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms that may have possibly contributed to the postseismic deformations that have been observed. Based on the modeling results, we find that an afterslip model can interpret postseismic displacements in the near field even when the fault plane is extended to the bottom of the crust (~70 km). Models based on the viscoelastic relaxation theory showed a large discrepancy in the spatial pattern of the deformation compared with what has been observed. Thus, we infer that both mechanisms cannot interpret the observed postseismic deformation independently. A combination of afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation can further improve the data fit, especially at sites far from the fault. With maximum afterslip of ~0.4 m occurring at a depth of 10 km in the central section, the combined model shows that the estimated afterslip occurred mostly on and below the coseismic rupture plane, as well as on its eastern extension. The estimated moment released by the afterslip in the first 4 months is almost 40% of that released by the coseismic slip. The best-fitting viscoelastic relaxation model shows a “weak” upper mantle with a viscosity of ~1.0 × 10¹⁸ Pa s. The combined model also suggests the existence of a lower crust with viscosity larger than 1.0 × 10¹⁸ Pa s, although it cannot be constrained accurately.     

山东Ⅱ、Ⅲ类场地地震动峰值加速度放大效应分析

利用山东地区实测的Ⅱ类场地358个钻孔和Ⅲ类场地140个钻孔的地震动峰值加速度,计算了各个钻孔不同超越概率的土层地震动峰值加速度的放大系数ks,结果表明:(1)同类场地土层放大系数ks值总体符合正态分布,既有相对集中性,也有离散性;(2)随着基岩面输入地震动强度的增大,ks值降低,且Ⅲ类场地ks值降低较Ⅱ类的更为明显;(3)Ⅱ类场地随着基岩输入面埋深的增加,ks值呈增加趋势,约达20m深后基本趋于稳定,而Ⅲ类场地基岩输入面埋深的增加对ks值的影响不甚显著;(4)Ⅱ类场地50年超越概率10％的平均ks值(1.47)略高于《中国地震动参数区划图》使用的全国平均ks值.本文尝试讨论了山东地区Ⅱ、Ⅲ类场地不同强度基岩峰值加速度输入的ks调整值.