Effects of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment on the emission of N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O from a freshwater marsh soil in Northeast China

The freshwater marshes in northern China are heavily impacted by anthropogenic disturbances such as cultivation and fertilization and increased levels of nutrients (especially N and P) through atmospheric deposition and agricultural surface runoff. These disturbances have affected the emission of N₂O from these systems. This laboratory study was conducted to determine the effects of increased inputs of inorganic N and P on N₂O emission from marsh soil in response to different soil moisture conditions. The results showed that the emission of N₂O increased with the enhancement of N inputs when the soil was submerged, but that the highest N treatment suppressed the emission of N₂O when the soil was at 60% water holding capacity (WHC), which may have occurred due to an inadequate amount of available C. Furthermore, the results of this study indicated that a small amount of N fertilizer induced much more N₂O evolution from freshwater wetland soil, while P fertilizer inputs appeared to stimulate the emission of N₂O only during the first few days of the experiment. Additionally, soil that was treated with P appeared to absorb N₂O when it was at 60% WHC after around 6 weeks of the incubation, which indicates that the input of P fertilizer might serve as a shift of source or N₂O sink in wetland soils under non-flooded conditions. When compared to soil at 60% WHC, submerged soil had significantly higher N₂O emissions, except when subjected to the medial N treatment. These findings indicate that the soil moisture condition had a significant effect on N₂O emissions when the same amount of N or P was applied. Therefore, the effects of N and P fertilization in the northern temperate wetlands cannot be neglected from regional or national emissions of N₂O.     

误差分布的解析似合

针对根据误差值绘制直方图或用分布拟合检验法难以获得误差分布的具体类型，且方法的较为繁琐与实施不便的缺点，在分析了误差分布可用概括分布－指数分布来描述的基础上，提出了用解析法来确定误差分布的分布类型，并通过实例证明了该方法的正确性与可行性。     

珠江三角洲思贤滘水文泥沙特征和现代演变

根据思贤滘的水文泥沙、地形和底质资料,分析了思贤滘的河床底质类型、分布规律、沉积物粒度组成、重矿物含量以及河床演变特征等,讨论了思贤滘的泥沙运移特点,指出西江和北江的推移质均已进入思贤滘,但未通过,因此,对思贤滘凹岸堤围的险段岁修工程不容忽视;并对思贤滘的整治规划提出了不设闸的刍议。     

多元总体最小二乘问题的牛顿解法

为提高多元总体最小二乘问题参数估值的解算效率,推导了基于牛顿法的多元加权总体最小二乘算法;分析比较了基于牛顿法的多元加权总体最小二乘解和基于拉格朗日乘数法多元加权总体最小二乘解之间的关系,根据协因数传播律给出了多元总体最小二乘平差的16种协因数阵的近似计算公式。新算法能够解决观测矩阵和系数矩阵元素具有相关性的问题,并且可以把观测矩阵和系数矩阵的随机元素和常数元素纳入到一个协因数阵中进行处理。算例结果表明,本文提出的多元总体最小二乘问题的牛顿解法可行且收敛速度更快。     

Retrieving virtual reflection responses at drill‐bit positions using seismic interferometry with drill‐bit noise

In the field of seismic interferometry, researchers have retrieved surface waves and body waves by cross‐correlating recordings of uncorrelated noise sources to extract useful subsurface information. The retrieved wavefields in most applications are between receivers. When the positions of the noise sources are known, inter‐source interferometry can be applied to retrieve the wavefields between sources, thus turning sources into virtual receivers. Previous applications of this form of interferometry assume impulsive point sources or transient sources with similar signatures. We investigate the requirements of applying inter‐source seismic interferometry using non‐transient noise sources with known positions to retrieve reflection responses at those positions and show the results using synthetic drilling noise as source. We show that, if pilot signals (estimates of the drill‐bit signals) are not available, it is required that the drill‐bit signals are the same and that the phases of the virtual reflections at drill‐bit positions can be retrieved by deconvolution interferometry or by cross‐coherence interferometry. Further, for this case, classic interferometry by cross‐correlation can be used if the source power spectrum can be estimated. If pilot signals are available, virtual reflection responses can be obtained by first using standard seismic‐while‐drilling processing techniques such as pilot cross‐correlation and pilot deconvolution to remove the drill‐bit signatures in the data and then applying cross‐correlation interferometry. Therefore, provided that pilot signals are reliable, drill‐bit data can be redatumed from surface to borehole depths using this inter‐source interferometry approach without any velocity information of the medium, and we show that a well‐positioned image below the borehole can be obtained using interferometrically redatumed reflection responses with just a simple velocity model. We discuss some of the practical hurdles that restrict the application of the proposed method offshore.     

1981-2010年黑河流域中下游对流层大气比湿变化

利用黑河流域4个探空站不同等压面的大气温度及露点差序列,分析1981-2010年区域对流层大气比湿垂直廓线的气候特征、年均比湿和季节平均比湿的年际及年代际变化,以及季节对年均比湿年代际变化趋势的贡献.研究表明,水汽主要集中在对流层中低层,比湿极大值均出现在夏季,其平均比湿仅为全国平均比湿的0.4~0.77,200hPa等压面比湿与全国平均比湿接近,季节变化微弱.除夏季700hPa等压面比湿上升外,年均比湿与季节比湿呈下降趋势,且沿廓线向上年均比湿与季节平均比湿的相对下降速率逐渐增大.典型等压面700hPa、500hPa和200hPa年均比湿和季节平均比湿先增大后减小,以1980年代中期和2002年为界经历了"干-湿-干"过程,30年来比湿极大值出现在2002年,其变化幅度随高度的增加而减弱.冬季平均比湿距平变化最为平稳,夏季比湿波动最大.区域1990年代比湿整体增加,但2000年代则相反,且比湿减小幅度是1980年代比湿增幅的10倍,1990年代的5倍.1980年代年均比湿增大主要通过秋季来贡献;1990年代的年均比湿增大通过夏秋季贡献;2000年代比湿大幅下降仍以夏季贡献最大,秋季贡献统计上最明显.     

基于三角网无缝拼接的三维重建

针对某东汉墓葬群,利用数字摄影测量中像点和三维点的对应关系,将三维空间的构网转化为二维平面的三角构网,并采用人工选取构网范围、人工点选种子点的办法,实现集合的求差计算,确定影像的构网范围,保证了局部三角网的无缝拼接,成功实现了对该墓室群的三维重建。同时还采用该方法对某花瓶模型进行了重建实验,达到较理想效果。     

Early Cretaceous Paleoclimate Characteristics of China: Clues from Continental Climate-indicative Sediments

The Cretaceous was one of the most remarkable ‘greenhouse' climate periods in geological history. Most of the reported studies of the Cretaceous paleoclimate are based upon marine sedimentary records. Large spatial scale paleoclimatic reconstruction, which has a higher time resolution based upon continental sediments in China, is rarely found. This study presents paleoclimate reconstruction for the six time periods of the Early Cretaceous in China by employing continental climate-indicative sediments, including calcareous deposits, coal, oil shale, gypsum, halite, desert sedimentary systems, ferruginous deposits and laterite, copper-bearing deposits, limestone and dolomite. Based on the distribution of the association of climate-indicative sediments and the influences of paleotopography and orogenic belts(or important structural belts) on climate, seven climatic zones have been identified: 1) a warm and humid zone; 2) a warm and humid-warm and arid zone; 3) a warm and arid zone; 4) an arid and hot zone; 5) the Tibet hot and humid zone; 6) a hot and arid-semiarid zone; and 7) a hot and humid-hot and arid one. It is found that the Early Cretaceous climatic zones of China were nearly latitudinally distributed from northwest to southeast. The aridhot climatic zone expanded in the Aptian, suggesting that a hotter and drier climate prevailed in later period of the Early Cretaceous. Conversely, the humid climatic zone expanded in the Albian, indicating that a wetter climate appeared at the end of the Early Cretaceous. The overall distribution pattern of the seven climatic zones indicates that a hot-warm and arid climate was predominant in China; this coincides with a global ‘greenhouse climate' background. However, palaeogeographic features and specific geologic events, such as the existence and disappearance of the eastern high plateau, and the uplift and denudation of Yinshan, Yanshan, Tianshan, Qinling and Dabie Mountains, led to distinctive regional climatic features of the Cretaceous in China.     

广东梅县地区晚中生代伸展构造特征

广东梅县地区位于政和—大埔断裂南段之莲花山断裂带中。通过开展1:5万野外地质调查及室内研究表明,广东梅县地区存在晚中生代伸展构造体系,该体系主要由剥离断层和2个不同层次的剥离层组成,结合火山岩、侵入岩、沉积地层接触关系及高精度测年数据,讨论了该体系的形成时限,认为其形成和主导作用时期在晚侏罗世—早白垩世早期(160 ~135 Ma),最大伸展期在145 Ma左右; 前人认为莲花山断裂为早古生代俯冲带,但研究表明,其构造属性为晚侏罗世形成的剥离断层。因此,政和—大埔断裂一带很可能也存在晚中生代的伸展构造体系,说明华南主要构造形迹奠定于中生代,这为华南主要热液金属矿床区域成矿规律研究提供了新的参考模型。     

湛江港潮汐汊道落潮三角洲沉积动力过程

湛江港是华南海岩规模最大的中潮溺谷湾型潮汊道港湾，口外发育规模巨大、形态典型的落潮三角洲。依据据现场调查资料分析，落潮三角洲具有马蹄形浅滩包围中央深槽的地貌结构，由中心至周边为粗砂至极细砂同心半圆带状分布的表层沉积分布，中央深槽落潮流动力为主，周边浅滩波潮流动力为主的动力场结构。