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21.
During the last interglacial insolation maximum (Eemian, MIS 5e) the tropical and subtropical African hydrological cycle was enhanced during boreal summer months. The climate anomalies are examined with a General Circulation Model (ECHAM4) that is equipped with a module for the direct simulation of 18O and deuterium (H 2 18 O and HDO, respectively) in all components of the hydrological cycle. A mechanism is proposed to explain the physical processes that lead to the modelled anomalies. Differential surface heating due to anomalies in orbital insolation forcing induce a zonal flow which results in enhanced moisture advection and precipitation. Increased cloud cover reduces incoming short wave radiation and induces a cooling between 10°N and 20°N. The isotopic composition of rainfall at these latitudes is therefore significantly altered. Increased amount of precipitation and stronger advection of moisture from the Atlantic result in isotopically more depleted rainfall in the Eemian East African subtropics compared to pre-industrial climate. The East–West gradient of the isotopic rainfall composition reverses in the Eemian simulation towards depleted values in the east, compared to more depleted western African rainfall in the pre-industrial simulation. The modelled re-distribution of δ18O and δD is the result of a change in the forcing of the zonal flow anomaly. We conclude that the orbitally induced forcing for African monsoon maxima extends further eastward over the continent and leaves a distinct isotopic signal that can be tested against proxy archives, such as lake sediment cores from the Ethiopian region. 相似文献
22.
Jens Bange Thomas Spieß Marcus Herold Frank Beyrich Barbara Hennemuth 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2006,121(1):127-151
Turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat were measured with the helicopter-borne turbulence probe Helipod over a heterogeneous landscape around the Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg during the STINHO-2 and LITFASS-2003 field experiments. Besides the determination of area-averaged heat fluxes, the analysis focused on different aspects of the response of the turbulent structure of the convective boundary layer (CBL) on the surface heterogeneity. A special flight pattern was designed to study flux profiles both over quasi-homogeneous sub-areas of the study region (representing the major land use types—forest, farmland, water) and over a typical mixture of the different surfaces. Significant differences were found between the heat fluxes over the individual surfaces along flight legs at about 80 m above ground level, in agreement with large-aperture scintillometer measurements. This flux separation was still present during some flights at levels near the middle of the CBL. Different scales for the blending height and horizontal heterogeneity were calculated, but none of them could be identified as a reliable indicator of the mixing state of the lower CBL. With the exception of the flights over water, the latent heat flux measurements generally showed a larger statistical error when compared with the sensible heat flux. Correlation coefficients a nd integral length scales were used to characterise the interplay between the vertical transport of sensible and latent heat, which was found to vary between ‘fairly correlated’ and ‘decoupled’, also depending on the soil moisture conditions. 相似文献
23.
The greenhouse gas emissions scenarios published by the IPCC in the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) continue to serve as a primary basis for assessing future climate change and possible response strategies. These scenarios
were developed between 1996 and 1999 and sufficient time has now passed to make it worth examining their consistency with
more recent data and projections. The comparison performed in this paper includes population, GDP, energy use, and emissions
of CO2, non-CO2 gases and sulfur. We find the SRES scenarios to be largely consistent with historical data for the 1990–2000 period and with
recent projections. Exceptions to this general observation include (1) in the long-term, relatively high population growth
assumptions; in some regions, particularly in the A2 scenario; (2) in the medium-term, relatively high economic growth assumptions
in the LAM (Latin America, Africa and Middle East) region in the A1 scenario; (3) in the short-term, CO2 emissions projections in A1 that are somewhat higher than the range of current scenarios; and (4) substantially higher sulfur
emissions in some scenarios than in historical data and recent projections. In conclusion, given the relatively small inconsistencies
for use as global scenarios there seems to be no immediate need for a large-scale IPCC-led update of the SRES scenarios that
is solely based on the SRES scenario performance vis-a-vis data for the 1990–2000 period and/or more recent projections. Based
on reported findings, individual research teams could make, and in some cases already have made, useful updates of the scenarios. 相似文献
24.
Elke Stehfest Lex Bouwman Detlef P. van Vuuren Michel G. J. den Elzen Bas Eickhout Pavel Kabat 《Climatic change》2009,95(1-2):83-102
Climate change mitigation policies tend to focus on the energy sector, while the livestock sector receives surprisingly little attention, despite the fact that it accounts for 18% of the greenhouse gas emissions and for 80% of total anthropogenic land use. From a dietary perspective, new insights in the adverse health effects of beef and pork have lead to a revision of meat consumption recommendations. Here, we explored the potential impact of dietary changes on achieving ambitious climate stabilization levels. By using an integrated assessment model, we found a global food transition to less meat, or even a complete switch to plant-based protein food to have a dramatic effect on land use. Up to 2,700 Mha of pasture and 100 Mha of cropland could be abandoned, resulting in a large carbon uptake from regrowing vegetation. Additionally, methane and nitrous oxide emission would be reduced substantially. A global transition to a low meat-diet as recommended for health reasons would reduce the mitigation costs to achieve a 450 ppm CO2-eq. stabilisation target by about 50% in 2050 compared to the reference case. Dietary changes could therefore not only create substantial benefits for human health and global land use, but can also play an important role in future climate change mitigation policies. 相似文献
25.
We review the historical, geological, tide-gauge, GPS and gravimetric evidence advanced in favour of, or against, continuing
land uplift around Hudson Bay, Canada. We also reanalyse the tide-gauge and GPS data for Churchill using longer time series
than those available to previous investigators. The dependence of the mean rate of relative sea-level change obtained from
the tide-gauge record on the length and mid-epoch of the observation interval considered is investigated by means of a newly
developed linear-trend analysis diagram. For studying the shorter-period variability of the tide-gauge record, the wavelet
transform is used. The mean rate of land uplift obtained from GPS is based on a new analysis using IGS solutions of GFZ. To
include the post-glacial land uplift, sea-level indicators from the Churchill region representing the relative sea-level history
during the past 8000 years are also used. Finally, the values of the four observables are jointly inverted in terms of mantle
viscosity. The optimum values are ~3.2 × 1020 Pa s and ~1.6 × 1022 Pa s for the upper- and lower-mantle viscosities, respectively. 相似文献
26.
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30.
C. Sigismondi D. W. Dunham K. Guhl S. Andersson H. Bode O. Canales P. Colona O. Farago M. Fernández-Ocaña A. Gabel M. Haupt C. Herold R. Nugent P. Oliva M. Patel C. Perello W. Rothe J. Rovira T. Schaefer C. Schnabel D. Schwartz A. Selva W. Strickling A. Tegtmeier C. Tegtmeier B. Thome W. H. Warren 《Solar physics》2009,258(2):191-202
In the annular or total eclipses of 3 October 2005, 29 March 2006, 22 September 2006, and 1 August 2008, observational campaigns
were organized to record the phenomenon of Baily’s beads. These campaigns were internationally coordinated through the International
Occultation Timing Association (IOTA) at both its American and European sections. From the stations in the northern and southern
zones of grazing eclipse, the eclipses have been recorded on video. Afterward, as many beads as possible have been identified
by analyzing the video data of each observing station. The atlas presented in this paper includes 598 data points, obtained
by 23 observers operating at 28 different observing stations. The atlas lists the geographic positions of the observing stations
and the observed time instants of disappearance or reappearance of beads, identified by an angle measured relative to the
Moon’s axis of rotation. The atlas will serve as a basis for determining the solar diameter.
Electronic Supplementary Material The online version of this article () contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献