Rivers as municipal infrastructure: Demand for environmental services in informal settlements along an Indonesian river

In many developing world cities, where municipal infrastructure lags urban growth, lower-income communities may compensate by relying on local waterways to meet basic needs for water, sanitation, and recreational space. Access to these environmental services is possible because residents settle in floodplains, but thus entails elevated exposure to several water-related hazards, especially flooding. We examine this complex relationship in the neighborhoods of Bukit Duri and Kampung Melayu on the Ciliwung River in Jakarta, Indonesia. Based on a spatially referenced household survey, we analyze and map the patterns of use of six environmental services provided by the river: direct sanitary use, recreation, harvesting plants, groundwater use, solid waste disposal, and sewage disposal. Using spatial interpolation and regression methods, we identify the most probable areas where services are being used and analyze possible influences on this behavior. We find that proximity to the river significantly influences households’ behavior toward the river, as do infrastructure-related variables and neighborhing households’ behavior, while household demographic factors appear less significant. These results indicate that many households rely on multiple environmental services, and that residents most reliant on these services are also at greater risk of water-related hazards, service disruption (e.g., a decline in water quality), and potentially, eviction. This pattern of floodplain development is prevalent in many low-income countries, and a better understanding of how informal settlements rely on environmental services can be used to assess their vulnerabilities and inform more sustainable courses of development.     

A 10Be‐based reconstruction of the last deglaciation in southern Sweden

We present 23 cosmogenic surface exposure ages from 10 localities in southern Sweden. The new ¹⁰Be ages allow a direct correlation between the east and west coasts of southern Sweden, based on the same dating technique, and provide new information about the deglaciation of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet in the circum‐Baltic area. In western Skåne, southernmost Sweden, a single cosmogenic surface exposure sample gave an age of 16.8±1.0 ka, whereas two samples from the central part of Skåne gave ages of 17.0±0.9 and 14.1±0.8 ka. Further northeast, in southern Småland, two localities gave ages ranging from 15.2±0.8 to 16.9±0.9 ka (n=5) indicating a somewhat earlier deglaciation of the area than has previously been suggested. Our third locality, in S Småland, gave ages ranging from 10.2±0.5 to 18.4±1.6 ka (n=3), which are probably not representative of the timing of deglaciation. In central Småland one locality was dated to 14.5±0.8 ka (n=3), whereas our northernmost locality, situated in northern Småland, was dated to 13.8±0.8 ka (n=3). Samples from the island of Gotland suggest deglaciation before 13 ka ago. We combined the new ¹⁰Be ages with previously published deglaciation ages to constrain the deglaciation chronology of southern Sweden. The combined deglaciation chronology suggests a rather steady deglaciation in southern Sweden starting at c. 17.9 cal. ka BP in NW Skåne and reaching northern Småland, ～200 km further north, c. 13.8 ka ago. Overall the new deglaciation ages agree reasonably well with existing deglaciation chronologies, but suggest a somewhat earlier deglaciation in Småland.     

西准噶尔包古图成矿斑岩年代学与地球化学:岩石成因与构造、铜金成矿意义

西准噶尔包古图地区的一些小型斑岩体或脉岩与铜金矿化的关系非常密切,引起了人们的广泛关注.报道了一些斑岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果和岩石地球化学成分资料.Ⅱ、V岩体的石英闪长斑岩中岩浆结晶锆石的定年结果分别为314.9±1.7 Ma和309.9±1.9 Ma,Ⅲ岩体的闪长玢岩中岩浆结晶锆石的定年结果为313.9±2.6 Ma,表明包古图地区的岩体形成于晚石炭世.包古图地区小岩体的岩石富Na、高Sr,贫Y和Yb,无明显的Eu异常,具有埃达克岩特征,同时有些岩石富集MgO(3.93%～4.78%),具有高的Mg#(68～74),类似高镁安山岩.结合区域地质和岩浆岩的资料,认为:(1)包古图地区的小岩体形成于晚石炭世的岛弧环境,并可能与石炭纪的洋脊俯冲有关,其中埃达克质岩为俯冲洋脊两侧的板片熔融而形成,而高镁闪长岩类为俯冲板片熔体与地幔橄榄岩相互作用的产物;(2)包古图地区的铜金矿床也很可能与洋脊俯冲有关,高氧逸度的板片熔体上升并与地幔橄榄岩相互作用,这使得地幔中的金属硫化物不稳定,释放出金属成矿物质,从而使得Cu、Au等在熔体中不断富集而形成矿床.     

贵州荔波黑洞碎屑沉积物宇宙成因核素26Al/10Be埋藏年龄

河流下切在岩溶区形成的多级层状洞穴,记录了地体隆升和地貌演化历史,但由于测年手段的限制,国内在这方面的研究一直进展不大.近年来,运用宇宙成因核素得到洞穴碎屑沉积物埋藏年龄的方法,已成为反演山地区域构造-地貌演化的新途径.本文尝试运用宇宙成因核素26AL/10Be埋藏测年技术,对属于贵州荔波地区4层洞穴系统的黑洞(第二层)碎屑沉积物进行年龄测定,假设样品进洞前无埋藏史,测年结果显示黑洞年龄至少有1.06±0.23Ma,并且该地区三岔河流域的侵蚀速率为55.1±2.3m/Ma.这是对该地区洞穴测年的一次新探索,体现出洞穴沉积物宇宙成因核素埋藏测年技术在我国晚新生代地质地貌演化研究方面具有良好的应用前景.     

The glaciation of the outer hebrides

For the last 100 years there has been general acceptance for J. Geikie's hypothesis that during the last glacial maximum the Outer Hebrides was over-run by the Scottish ice-cap. An examination of the roches moutonnees on the east side of the islands from Stornoway to S. Uist shows that the ice flowed towards and not away from Scotland. During the last glacial maximum the Outer Hebrides were glaciated by their own ice-cap. There is evidence that the Scottish ice-cap overran the area during an earlier glaciation.     

A note on the glacial and late glacial history of caithness

It is generally accepted that in the last glaciation Scottish ice from the Moray Firth flowed to the northwest across Caithness depositing shelly drift. Examination of striae along the east coast of Caithness shows that some were formed by ice flowing into and not out of the Moray Firth. It is argued that the flow into the Moray Firth may have occurred in the last glaciation and that the shelly drift may be a relic of an earlier glaciation. The cliffs of Caithness were formed during the Loch Lomond Readvance and have since been raised isostatically and so have been protected from further marine erosion by their own wave-cut platform which can be traced into Orkney where it intersects the present level.