Generation of wide-swath and high-resolution SAR images from multichannel small spaceborne SAR systems

Future spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems will be required to produce high-resolution imagery over a wide area of surveillance. However, the minimum antenna area constraint makes it a contradiction to simultaneously obtain both unambiguous wide-area and high azimuth resolution. To overcome this limitation, a technique has been suggested that combines a broad illumination source with multiple receiving channels. Then, the coherent combination of the recorded multichannel signals will allow for the unambiguous SAR mapping of a wide ground area with fine azimuth resolution. This letter first gives an overview of current research work carried out about the generation of wide-swath and high-resolution SAR images from multichannel small spaceborne SAR systems, and then a space-time adaptive processing (STAP) approach combined with conventional SAR imaging algorithms is presented, which could be of help to overcome the existing difficulties in data processing. The main idea of the approach is to use a STAP-based method to properly overcome the aliasing affect caused by the lower pulse repetition frequency and thereby retrieve the unambiguous azimuth wide (full) spectrum signal from the received signal. Following this operation, conventional SAR data processing tools can be applied to fully focus the SAR images. The performance of the approach is also discussed in this letter. The approach has the advantages of simplicity, robustness, and high efficiency.     

西藏冈底斯仁布-拉萨一带花岗岩基的地球化学及其意义

冈底斯岩基记录了特提斯洋壳俯冲消减过渡到印度与亚洲大陆碰撞的深部过程,可以反演壳幔相互作用和高原地壳加厚的历史。本文对冈底斯岩基中段的仁布岩体和拉萨岩体进行了系统的元素、Sr-Nd-Pb同位素和锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年与Hf同位素研究。本文测年结果为82～45Ma,仁布岩体和拉萨岩体年龄为晚白垩纪到早第三纪。岩石为含有辉长质和闪长质包体的中酸性花岗岩类,岩石类型复杂。岩石富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素,稀土元素总量较低,具有高场强元素的负异常;Sr-Nd-Pb同位素成分表明新特提斯洋地幔端元的较大贡献,岩石具有亏损的Nd同位素和年轻的地幔模式年龄(εNd=-1.5～3.3,tDM=0.5～1.2)和较大变化范围的正的锆石Hf同位素成分(6个ε单位),表明岩石源区中亏损地幔占有较大贡献,冈底斯岩基显示初生地壳特征。本文进一步揭示出,冈底斯岩基中段存在岩浆底侵与岩浆混合作用,大规模的幔源基性岩浆底侵,不仅导致之后经过岩浆混合形成的花岗岩岩基具有初生陆壳成分,同时也是导致冈底斯南部地壳垂向加厚与增生的重要因素。     

Strength degradation and anchoring behavior of rock mass in the fault fracture zone

Rock mass in the fault fracture zone has some characteristics such as low strength and poor self-stability, so the control mechanism of stability has been a difficulty in the research of underground engineering. A set of laboratory simulation method of fault fractured rock mass is developed to reflect the natural forming process of fault fracture zone. Compared with intact rock mass, the fault fractured rock mass has an obvious degradation in strength and deformation parameters, and the degradation index is between 22.79 and 84.06%. The bolt has a certain supporting effect on the fault fractured rock mass, and in the situation of end anchoring, the greater the pretightening force is, the better the enforcement effect will be. The stress field produced by high pretightening force can relieve the stress concentration around the bolt hole and make the initial cracks of rock mass away from the bolt plate. The evolution curve of bolt axial force in the process of uniaxial compression of large-scale specimen shows four stages, which are the initial compression stage, pre-peak joint load-bearing stage, post-peak joint load-bearing stage and the residual stage. Research results could provide some theory reference for the stability control of rock mass in the fault fracture zone.     

A Correlation between Proton Events and Hα Flares and its Possible Interpretation

1 INTRoDUCTIONIt is well known that solar proton flares are maiuly correlated with strong, bright H. flares,in particular, with two ribbon flares. Ellison et al. (l961) were the first to draw attelltion tothe faCt that all cosndc-ray flares had the typical two-ribbon shape. Then, Svestka and Simon(1976) drew uP the "Catalog of Solar Particle Evellts, 195ty1969", and using this Catalog,Dodson and Hedeman could safely identify the flare sources for 50 proton events. Out of the 50idellti…     

复杂地形下黄河流域月平均气温分布式模拟

通过对常规气象站月平均气温资料的分析,发现在影响气温的众多因素中,海拔高度、太阳总辐射、地表长波有效辐射对气温具有显著影响．建立了月平均气温的物理经验统计模型,结合复杂地形下太阳总辐射分布式模拟结果,提出了依托常规地面气象观测资料实现复杂地形下月平均气温分布式模拟的方法,生成了黄河流域1km×lkm分辨率月平均气温、月平均最高气温、月平均最低气温的空间分布图．分析表明,模拟结果能较好地反映气温的宏观分布趋势和局地分布特征．交叉验证结果表明,模型具有很好的稳定性,各月平均气温、月平均最高气温、月平均最低气温的模拟误差平均为0．19～0．35℃;加密站验证和个例年验证表明,模型具有良好的空间维和时间维模拟能力．提出的月平均气温分布式模型立足于常规地面气象观测资料,不依赖于山地野外考察资料,可以方便地在广大地区推广应用．     

利用跨断层资料研究首都圈地区断层活动特征及地震危险性

本文针对首都圈的跨断层形变资料（1984-2016年）,利用11个场地的基线和水准观测资料,计算了断层三维活动量,以此来分析首都圈断层现今的活动特征。同时计算了断层形变协调比序列,分析其与首都圈中强地震的关系。结果表明:首都圈的断层活动有明显的区域特征,受张家口-渤海断裂带影响的西北地区的断层以左旋张性活动为主,而中部和东部断层表现为右旋压性特征。断层协调比结果显示在首都圈及其邻区出现中强地震前后,协调比会出现发散现象,这种现象可以作为今后首都圈及邻近地区中强地震危险性分析的一种依据。     

Nutrient sources and composition of recent algal blooms and eutrophication in the northern Jiulong River, Southeast China

The natural process of eutrophication is accelerated by human activities worldwide that interrupt nutrient biogeochemical cycles. Three algal bloom events have been monitored in the northern tributary of the Jiulong River since 2009. The inflection points in a robust locally-weighted regression analysis (LOESS) of the relationship between TN and TP concentrations in the river water, and a TN:TP comparison with nutrient source loadings, suggested that both external loading and internal nutrient cycling contributed to these algal blooms. Nutrient release from the sediments may have played an important role in regulating the nutrients in the overlying water column. In particular, excessive nutrient inputs from various sources and ubiquitous river damming caused further accumulation of the nutrient loading. In-situ autochthonous primary production was enhanced in this relatively stable "river" to "lake" water body. Thus, attention must be paid to the effects of river damming and the consequent internal nutrient release.     

流域生物、化学风化对小冰期气候变化的响应

岱海近500年沉积物的孢粉，介形类和地球化学记录表现了流域生物，化学风化对全球性小冰期气候波动明显而快速的响应，孢粉量的下降，化学风化强度的减弱（高Rb/Sr比值）以及意外湖花介（Limnocythere inopinata)的繁盛反映了小冰期最盛期岱海地区以干旱为特征的气候环境及其造成的高矿化度湖水，其中，介形类丰度及种类对环境变化的反应最迅速，植被生长的调节则要缓慢一些，内陆湖泊流域植被的衰弱与干旱环境下化学风化强度的减弱以及风尘作用的加强是相辅相成的。     

Study on the Failure Mechanism,Safety Grading and Rainfall Threshold of Landslide Caused by Typhoon Rainstorm

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - Typhoon rainstorms have induced massive landslides in the southeast coastal areas of China, causing serious property losses and casualties. Based on field...     

Changes in octocoral communities and benthic cover along a water quality gradient in the reefs of Hong Kong

Cover of the main reef benthic groups, and abundances and taxonomic richness of octocorals were surveyed in the reefs of Hong Kong, and related to spatial and water quality gradients. Nutrient and particle concentrations are high throughout the area, with concentrations declining from the south towards the north-eastern region. Regression tree analyses showed that hard coral cover was most strongly related to water clarity, that macroalgal cover was highest in areas with high wave action and high water clarity, and that crustose coralline algae were negatively related to sedimentation. Octocoral communities (42 species in 23 genera) were dominated by zooxanthellae-free taxa; those few species with zooxanthellae were restricted to reefs with low wave action and high water clarity in the north-eastern region. The water quality gradient spans from conditions that are marginal for zooxanthellate octocorals while still supporting diverse scleractinian communities, towards an estuarine endpoint where zooxanthellate octocorals cease to exist and hard coral communities are reduced to a few resilient colonies. The data suggest that the types, abundances and richness of zooxanthellate octocorals, and the shift from zooxanthellate to azooxanthellate octocoral communities, may act as useful indicators of water clarity in regions where long-term water quality data are unavailable.