Effects of fabric anisotropy on elastic shear modulus of granular soils

The fabric anisotropy of a granular soil deposit can strongly infl uence its engineering properties and behavior. This paper presents the results of a novel experimental study designed to examine the effects of fabric anisotropy on smallstrain stiffness and its evolution with loading on the elastic shear modulus of granular materials under a K0 condition. Two primary categories of fabric anisotropy, i.e., deposition-induced and particle shape-induced, are investigated. Toyoura sand deposits with relative densities of 40% and 80% were prepared using deposition angles oriented at 0o and 90o. Piezoelectric transducers were used to obtain the elastic shear modulus in the vertical and horizontal directions(Gvh and Ghh). The measurements indicate distinct differences in the values of G with respect to the different deposition angles. Particle shapeinduced fabric anisotropy was examined using four selected sands. It was concluded that sphericity is a controlling factor dominating the small-strain stiffness of granular materials. The degree of fabric anisotropy proves to be a good indicatorin the characterization of stress-induced fabric evolution during loading and unloading stress cycles. The experimental data were used to calibrate an existing micromechanical model, which was able to represent the behavior of the granular material and the degree of fabric anisotropy reasonably well.     

近地表大气环境变化对地壳形变观测的影响研究

近地表大气环境变化主要包括近地表气象因素（大气压强、温度、降雨）变化及台风、日食活动等。利用小波分析方法对2003—2013年湖北省数字化地壳形变潮汐分钟值资料进行处理后发现,近地表大气环境因素对形变观测数据具有不同频段上的特征变化影响。大气压强和温度对形变观测的响应频段主要集中在较低频段（64—128分钟）;降雨的影响主要集中在0-全日波（0—32分钟）范围内且存在高频、非潮汐成份。而台风在较高频段上有明显响应,频段分布在1—4秒和2—4分钟之间。黄梅台应变观测对2009年日食事件在128—256分钟低频段上有响应。     

交城断裂带北段最大潜在地震发震概率评估1

基于太原市目标区交城断裂带的定量研究,特别是对活动断裂上的古地震资料进行的系统、详细的分析与总结,建立了反映该断裂地震地质特点和运动学属性的复发模式和概率模型.引入震级-地表破裂长度、震级-震源破裂长度、震级-断层破裂面积以及震级-地震矩的经验关系进行震级估计,最后进行综合评估以确定交城断裂带北段潜在地震的最大震级.复发模式的建立兼顾了泊松和准周期两种模式,利用专家意见法组合相应的Poisson模型和BPT模型,计算活动断裂最大潜在地震的复发概率.结果表明,交城断裂带北段潜在地震最大震级为Ms7.2级,而未来50a、100a、200a发生Ms7.2级地震的概率分别为2.1％、4.0％和7.9％.     

The April 24, 2013 Changning M s4.8 earthquake: a felt earthquake that occurred in Paleozoic sediment

The dense broadband seismic network provides more high-quality waveform that is helpful to improve constraint focal depth of shallow earthquake. Many shallow earthquakes occurring in sediment were regarded as induced events. In Sichuan basin, gas industry and salt mining are dependent on fluid injection technique that triggers microseismicity. We adopted waveform inversion method with regional records to obtain focal mechanism of an M _s4.8 earthquake at Changning. The result suggested that the Changning earthquake occurred at a ESE thrust fault, and its focal depth was about 3 km. The depth phases including teleseismic pP phase and regional sPL phase shows that the focal depth is about 2 km. The strong, short-period surface wave suggests that this event is a very shallow earthquake. The amplitude ratio between Rayleigh wave and direct S wave was also used to estimate the source depth of the mainshock. The focal depth (2–4 km) is far less than the depth of the sedimentary layer thickness (6–8 km) in epicentral region. It is close to the depth of fluid injection of salt mining, which may imply that this event was triggered by the industrial activity.     

Crude-oil hydrocarbon composition characteristics and oil viscosity prediction in the northern Songliao Basin

Crude oil hydrocarbon composition characteristics and oil viscosity prediction are important bases in petroleum exploration.A total of 54 oil/heavy-oil samples and 17 oil sands were analyzed and quantified using both comprehensive 2D gas chromatography(GC×GC)and comprehensive 2D gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry(GC×GC/TOFMS).The results show that crude oil in the West slope is mainly heavy oil and its hydrocarbon composition is characterized overall by paraffinsmono-aromaticsnaphthenesnon-hydrocarbonsdi-aromaticstri-aromaticstetra-aromatics.Aromatics are most abundant and non-hydrocarbons are least abundant,whilst content differences among paraffins,naphthenes,aromatics,and non-hydrocarbons are less than 15%.There are two types of heavy oil,secondary type and mixing type.Biodegradation is the main formation mechanism of heavy oil.Biodegradation levels cover light biodegradation,moderate biodegradation,and severe biodegradation.With increasing biodegradation,paraffin content decreases while contents of aromatics and nonhydrocarbons increase.In contrast,naphthene content increases first and then decreases with increasing biodegradation.In severe biodegradation stage,naphthenes decrease more quickly than aromatics and non-hydrocarbons.This provides a new method for studying oil/heavy-oil biodegradation mechanism and biodegradation resistance of different hydrocarbons at different biodegradation stages.In the Longhupao-Daan terrace and Qijia-Gulong depression,most crude oil is conventional oil.Its composition is dominated by paraffins with the lowest content of aromatics.In some casual oil wells from the Longhupao-Daan terrace,crude oil from Saertu oil reservoirs is moderately biodegraded whereas crude oil from Putaohua oil reservoir is lightly biodegraded.Chemical parameters using saturate hydrocarbons and aromatics are usually not suitable for determining organic type and thermal maturity of biodegraded oil,especially of moderately or severely biodegraded oil,whilst Ts/(Ts+Tm)ratio can be used to determine thermal maturity of both conventional crude oil and heavy oil.     

Evolution of the ductile shear zone of the Paishanlou gold deposits,western Liaoning,China

The combination of field surveys with analysis of microstructure of tectonite and Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) on quartz fabric indicated that three periods of ductile shear events developed in the Paishanlou gold deposits and the E-W and NE-striking ductile shear zones were formed during each event. The E-W-striking ductile shear zone, accompanied by compressional and dextral shear slip, was shear-cut by the NE-striking shear zones, accompanied by compressional-sinistral shear slip and sinistral-normal shear slip, successively. An E-W-striking ductile shear zone developed at a deeper tectonic level and at middle- to high-temperatures, accompanied by abundant microstructures, including microlayering between a polycrystal quartz belt and mica, and quartz deformation was depended on cylinder (10-10) 〈a〉 or 〈c〉 glide. The development of an E-W-striking shear zone can be seen as a tectonic pattern in the region of the Paishanlou gold deposits of the collision between the Mongolian tectonic belt and the North Archean Craton from Suolun to the Linxi suture zone during the Indosinian. The NE-striking ductile shear zone developed approximately 160 Ma during the early Yianshanian at middle to shallow tectonic levels and at middle- to low-temperatures, accompanied by typical microstructures, including polycrystal quartz aggregation and quartz subgrain rotation recrystallization, etc., and quartz deformation was depended on prismatic (1011) 〈a〉 glide. The last ductile shear event around the NE-striking shear zone developed at low temperatures and shallow tectonic levels, yielding to a pre-existing NE-striking shear zone, accompanied by abundant microstructures, including low-temperature quartz grain boundary migration and bulging recrystallization. The last ductile shear movement may be related to lithosphere thinning and the destruction of the North China Craton from approximately 130-120 Ma, and this shear event resulted directly in the mineralization in the Paishanlou region.     

江南-雪峰隆起北缘海相油气富集主控因素和破坏机制

全球油气巨量富集带主要发育于被动大陆边缘、活动大陆边缘及大陆裂谷系中,而江南-雪峰隆起北缘具有区别于这3类的陆内坳陷斜坡带和古隆起边缘斜坡带的大地构造背景。通过对江南-雪峰隆起北缘（扬子南缘）海相油气陆内巨量富集的主控因素和破坏机制的研究,对比全球油气聚集带（区）发育的主要原因,试图建立海相油气富集和破坏的相关模式。类似于江南-雪峰隆起北缘的陆内坳陷斜坡带与古隆起边缘斜坡带的叠合斜坡带,是大陆块体内一种新的油气富集单元。通过研究,认为下寒武统和下志留统两套优质烃源岩、加里东旋回中-晚期和晚印支期-早燕山旋回早期两期良好的成藏时空匹配关系是海相油气富集的主控因素,而加里东旋回末期和晚印支期-早燕山旋回晚期两个关键破坏期,通过隆升剥蚀、断裂开启和岩浆活动等方式导致了海相油气的破坏。时空匹配的叠合斜坡带既是油气聚集的有利场所,又是油气改造的活跃区域。     

海南岛不同地质背景下的土壤类型、质量特征和作物适宜性

文章利用海南岛SOTER数据库及自动土地评价模型ALES评价结果,对海南岛4种主要母岩上发育的土壤类型、土壤性质及香蕉种植适宜性与母质的关系进行了分析。海南岛不同母岩上土壤类型的发育呈现多样性,土壤类型的分布明显受到母岩类型、成土年龄、成土环境等因素的影响。酸性火成岩上主要发育有雏形土和富铁土,基性岩上则主要是发育良好的铁铝土,碎屑岩上主要是雏形土,而海相沉积物由于土壤形成时间的差异出现了多样的土壤类型。在海南岛湿热的气候条件下,原生母岩上发育的土壤,尽管成土母岩成分各不相同,但一些土壤性质已经没有明显差别,如交换性钙、镁、钠等,部分土壤化学性质如交换性钾的含量继承了母岩特性。各种母岩上发育的土壤,在自然条件下,适宜香蕉种植的比例都很低,但基性火成岩和海积物上发育的土壤,更容易受到人为管理措施的影响,如果满足一定的技术和经济投入,海南岛热带作物的种植潜力可以得到进一步的挖掘。     

水平和垂直尺度乔、灌、草覆盖度遥感提取研究进展

植被覆盖及其变化是区域生态系统环境变化的重要指示,而植被覆盖度是植物群落覆盖地表状况的一个综合量化指标,是生态模型、碳循环、水循环模型等的重要特征参量。传统的植被覆盖度是指一定尺度下所有植被(乔、灌、草)覆盖的综合反映值,当考虑植被垂直方向的异质性,垂直尺度的乔、灌、草覆盖度提取为定量化准确衡量生态环境、全球气候变化等领域提供更具有生态意义的植被参量。目前,遥感大面积估算水平尺度乔、灌、草覆盖度已有比较成熟和可靠的算法,主要方法有：植被指数法、回归分析法、分类决策树法、神经网络法、像元分解模型法、物理模型反演法等,其估算精度基本能达到应用要求。植被垂直方向的异质性给垂直尺度乔、灌、草覆盖度遥感提取带来较大挑战,垂直尺度上的乔、灌、草覆盖度遥感提取的研究在欧美等国已经有了一定规模的开展,在国内则处于起步阶段。遥感提取垂直尺度乔、灌、草覆盖度的主要手段有：激光雷达（LIDAR）、多角度遥感以及两层结构冠层反射模型反演。综述了水平尺度和垂直尺度上乔、灌、草覆盖度遥感提取的最新进展,比较和分析主要的遥感提取方法、模型和现存的一些问题,并对未来的研究发展趋势进行了展望。     

南海季风爆发的统计动力分析

作者对南海季风爆发作了统计动力分析,即将南海季风爆发前后的高低层风场看成一个整体,并以南海季风爆发日为基准,对风场作了经验正交函数(EOF)分析,得到了以下结论:偏差风场的第一模态反映了高低层东亚夏季风环流在南海季风爆发日前后有剧烈变化,这直接体现了南海季风的爆发,并表明此时大气环流有突变发生;第二、三模态则分别反映了具有5～7天振荡周期的中高纬大气长波活动和亚洲季风区中准双周低频振荡的主要活动区,以及中低纬度大气环流的相互作用;第二模态体现了偏差风场的幅散风部分而第三模态则体现了旋转风部分.