Hydrothermal plume mapping as a prospecting tool for seafloor sulfide deposits: a case study at the Zouyu-1 and Zouyu-2 hydrothermal fields in the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Seafloor hydrothermal polymetallic sulfide deposits are a new type of resource, with great potential economic value and good prospect development. This paper discusses turbidity, oxidation–reduction potential, and temperature anomalies of hydrothermal plumes from the Zouyu-1 and Zouyu-2 hydrothermal fields on the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. We use the known location of these vent fields and plume data collected in multiple years (2009, 2011, 2013) to demonstrate how real-time plume exploration can be used to locate active vent fields, and thus associated sulfide deposits. Turbidity anomalies can be detected 10 s of km from an active source, but the location precision is no better than a few kilometers because fine-grained particles are quasi-conservative over periods of many days. Temperature and oxidation–reduction potential anomalies provide location precision of a few hundred meters. Temperature anomalies are generally weak and difficult to reliably detect, except by chance encounters of a buoyant plume. Oxidation–reduction potential is highly sensitive (nmol concentrations of reduced hydrothermal chemicals) to discharges of all temperatures and responds immediately to a plume encounter. Real-time surveys using continuous tows of turbidity and oxidation–reduction potential sensors offer the most efficient and precise surface ship exploration presently possible.     

巴黎气候会议对全球长期目标的新发展

巴黎气候会议（COP21）达成了包括《巴黎协定》在内的重要成果,丰富和深化了应对气候变化的一揽子长期目标。1.5℃温升控制目标意味着全球管控气候风险的政治意愿得到强化,减缓温室气体排放的路径得到初步勾勒。在未来的科学评估和政治谈判中,全球各区域甚至是各个排放大国的排放空间、排放路径和减缓需求将会进一步清晰化和定量化,还会丰富和深化自上而下的国际气候合作规则,结合当前以国家自主决定贡献（INDC）为特征的、主要以自下而上方式推进全球气候治理的新模式,将对发展中国家、尤其是发展中排放大国的排放配额与发展空间产生重要影响,并进一步影响各国制定其国家贡献目标与行动的自主性。     

探地雷达在福建漳浦海岸抛物线沙丘沉积构造探测中的应用

本文进行了探地雷达在福建漳浦六鳌半岛海岸抛物线沙丘沉积构造探测中的初步应用。结果表明:(1)被探测海岸沙丘的粒度、含水量等理化性质,不同的天线频率,室内数字滤波、增益调适等图像处理环节,均会对探地雷达的探测结果产生影响。(2)本次探测结果以及人工砂坑剖面表明探地雷达是探测海岸沙丘沉积构造的良好手段。(3)通过判读探地雷达图像显示的沉积构造序列组合特点,并根据最近数十年研究区海岸环境演变初步调查结果,认为所探测海岸抛物线沙丘的发育过程,经历了早期海滩脊出露海面、继而发育植被和抛物线沙丘两个阶段。     

云南地区地壳厚度与泊松比变化及其意义

利用云南省“十五”期间建成的46 个宽频带地震台2007 年7 月～ 2008 年7 月间记录的6 级以上远震波形资料,提取各台站下方的P 波接收函数,并据此计算和分析了云南地区的地壳厚度变化情况和泊松比的分布特征。得到的较前更高空间分辨率的结果表明,云南地区的地壳厚度总体呈现“北深南浅”的特征,最北部的中甸台地壳厚度是53. 5km,而最南端的勐腊台仅为31. 7km。红河断裂的边界作用较为明显,断裂以东的地壳厚度较大,以西的则较小;断裂西侧的地壳厚度变化较为舒缓,东侧则变化剧烈,且自东南向西北厚度逐渐加深。在川滇菱形块体及周围存在2 个上地幔隆起,一个隆起的中心轴在楚雄-元谋一带,另一个隆起的中心轴在东川附近。从泊松比的分布情况来看,研究区内泊松比的分布是不均匀的,自南向北存在较大差异,北部的中甸台处达到最大0. 289,而南部的景谷台处仅为0. 146,与地壳厚度“北深南浅”的趋势基本相一致。泊松比在滇东块体内较低,在滇中块体内较高;北纬24°以北地区泊松比显然比以南地区要高。总的分布状态为:川滇菱形块体周围的泊松比属于中-高值(0. 26≤σ≤0. 29)。     

Quantifying influence of weather indices on PM_{2.5} based on relation map

Many researches have been conducted on the health influence of Particle Matter with diameters less than 2.5 microns (PM \(_{2.5}\) ). There are also some researches on the cause of PM \(_{2.5}\) . However, such research generally focuses on the economic and political aspect of the environment issue. In this paper, a data-analysis approach of the PM \(_{2.5}\) issue is raised to offer a new viewpoint of this problem. The applied method extracts the relations of air quality system record as a relation map, which illustrates the influence among the parameters in a graph. The method successfully fitted the weather record, and derived from it the influencers of PM \(_{2.5}\) . The result shows that the average temperature, average barometric pressure and concentration of Ozone are all factors that have an influence on the concentration of PM \(_{2.5}.\) A short justification of it is also provided.     

近地表大气环境变化对地壳形变观测的影响研究

近地表大气环境变化主要包括近地表气象因素（大气压强、温度、降雨）变化及台风、日食活动等。利用小波分析方法对2003—2013年湖北省数字化地壳形变潮汐分钟值资料进行处理后发现,近地表大气环境因素对形变观测数据具有不同频段上的特征变化影响。大气压强和温度对形变观测的响应频段主要集中在较低频段（64—128分钟）;降雨的影响主要集中在0-全日波（0—32分钟）范围内且存在高频、非潮汐成份。而台风在较高频段上有明显响应,频段分布在1—4秒和2—4分钟之间。黄梅台应变观测对2009年日食事件在128—256分钟低频段上有响应。     

海南岛不同地质背景下的土壤类型、质量特征和作物适宜性

文章利用海南岛SOTER数据库及自动土地评价模型ALES评价结果,对海南岛4种主要母岩上发育的土壤类型、土壤性质及香蕉种植适宜性与母质的关系进行了分析。海南岛不同母岩上土壤类型的发育呈现多样性,土壤类型的分布明显受到母岩类型、成土年龄、成土环境等因素的影响。酸性火成岩上主要发育有雏形土和富铁土,基性岩上则主要是发育良好的铁铝土,碎屑岩上主要是雏形土,而海相沉积物由于土壤形成时间的差异出现了多样的土壤类型。在海南岛湿热的气候条件下,原生母岩上发育的土壤,尽管成土母岩成分各不相同,但一些土壤性质已经没有明显差别,如交换性钙、镁、钠等,部分土壤化学性质如交换性钾的含量继承了母岩特性。各种母岩上发育的土壤,在自然条件下,适宜香蕉种植的比例都很低,但基性火成岩和海积物上发育的土壤,更容易受到人为管理措施的影响,如果满足一定的技术和经济投入,海南岛热带作物的种植潜力可以得到进一步的挖掘。     

JRC-JCS模型抗剪强度估算的平均斜率法

结构面对工程岩体的稳定性有着决定性的影响,结构面的抗剪强度参数是分析岩体稳定的关键的参数。本文回顾了结构面抗剪强度估算的JRC-JCS模型及其估算方法,提出了可快速估算结构面抗剪强度参数的平均斜率法,并通过对比分析阐明平均斜率法的优越性。     

Methods for the Quasi-Periodic Variability Analysis in Blazars

In this work, four methods are introduced to analyse the unevenly sampled data. The four methods are power spectral density, auto-correlation function, structure function and Jurkevich method. Some interesting mathematical links are derived amongst the four methods. These links show that the four methods have the same performance. For the Jurkevich method, the effect of the width of bins is apparent. If the width is half the time scale, the method has better performance.     

Genetic type,distribution patterns and controlling factors of beach and bars in the second member of the Shahejie formation in the Dawangbei Sag,Bohai Bay,China

As an important reservoir type in the Bohai Bay Basin, China, lacustrine beach and bar sands which refer to the shallow water complex deposited mainly by nearshore, delta‐rim and buried hill‐related beaches as well as longshore bars were developed in a particular stage in the evolution of those faulted Cenozoic continental depressions. In the Chezhen Depression, for example, the Second Member of the Oligocene Shehejie Formation (abbr. as Es2 hereafter) formed during the rifting‐to‐thermal subsidence transitional stage. Although well developed in Es2, beach and bar sands are difficult to recognize owing to their relative thinness. The paper summarizes sedimentary characteristics of lacustrine beach and bar sands on cores and logs. Low‐angle cross‐stratification, swash stratification, as well as occasional small‐scale hummocky cross‐stratification resulted from storms can be observed in beach and bar sands. The paper distinguishes bars and beaches from each other in Es2 mainly based on the grain‐size, bed thickness, facies succession and log responses. In order to predict the distribution of beach and bars, a chrono‐stratigraphic correlation framework of Es2 in the study strata is established using a high‐resolution sequence stratigraphic approach. Es2 strata are sub‐divided into six medium‐scale cycles and the mapping of the high‐frequency cycles allows the geographic and stratigraphic distribution of both beach and bar sands to be predicted. The study shows that beach and bars are better developed in times of base‐level fall than in base‐level rise. Factors such as lake‐level fluctuation, sediment supply, palaeogeomorphology and palaeowind direction have exerted control on the formation and distribution of beach and bar sands. Finally, the genetic pattern of beach and bar sands in the Es2 unit has been constructed, which provides a foundation for the prediction of beach and bars reservoir in continental basins in general. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.