Some basic notions in geographical synthesis

Modern geography is based on ecological thinking. In this paper some geoecological notions are discussed: the scales and levels regarding spatial magnitude and complexity, the “hierarchy” of landscape units and espcially the scale of time and the concept of the supper-imposing “stamps”. This last mentioned concept is very important in relation to the problem regarding regionalization and its possibilities. Three “stamps” are recognized: 1. the substrate, 2. the climatic conditions, 3. the human (noötic) influence. Holistic regionalization in which all elements (including the human influences) are telling to full advantage, is unsatisfactory.     

Cosmogenic nuclide measurements in southernmost South America and implications for landscape change

We measured in situ ¹⁰Be, ²⁶Al and³⁶Cl on glacial deposits as old as 1.1 Myr in the southernmost part of Patagonia and on northern Tierra del Fuego to understand boulder and moraine and, by inference, landscape changes. Nuclide concentrations indicate that surface boulders have been exposed for far less time than the ages of moraines they sit upon. The moraine ages are themselves constrained by previously obtained ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages on interbedded lava flows or U-series and amino acid measurements on related (non-glacial) marine deposits. We suggest that a combination of boulder erosion and their exhumation from the moraine matrix could cause the erratics to have a large age variance and often short exposure histories, despite the fact that some moraine landforms are demonstrably 1 Myr old. We hypothesize that fast or episodic rates of landscape change occurred during glacial times or near the sea during interglacials. Comparison with boulder erosion rates and exhumation histories derived for the middle latitudes of semi-arid Patagonia imply different geomorphic processes operating in southernmost South America. We infer a faster rate of landscape degradation towards the higher latitudes where conditions have been colder and wetter.     

Determination of solar wind elemental abundances from M/Q observations during three periods in 1980

Mass spectra in the range 2 ≦ M/Q ≦ 3 provided by a high resolution mode of the ISEE-3 Plasma Composition Experiment were evaluated for three selected periods during early 1980. The observed Ne/O ratios are compatible with estimated solar abundance ratios. In two of the three periods, the He/Ne-ratios agree with the Apollo foil results. Freezing-in temperatures for oxygen are similar to those obtained by other groups. Possible reasons for an unexpectedly high flux at M/Q = 2.4 are discussed.     

Quasi-Biennial Oscillations of Global Solar-Activity Indices

Quasi-biennial oscillations of solar activity are investigated using several global indices. The Singular Spectrum Analysis is used to separate out and study quasi-biennial oscillations; this method is one of the modifications of the main components method. The principal components of the solar cycle are stable 11-year, secular, and quasi-biennial variations. The periods and shapes of individual variations in each quasi-biennial train depend on the length and power of the particular 11-year cycle.     

The analysis of drainage network composition

The Horton method of analyzing drainage network composition is reviewed, with the conclusion that it has not been very effective either in improving understanding or in developing useful methods of characterizing drainage basins. New methods which are based on the link rather than the Horton (or Strahler) stream are described. A number of detailed examples of the application of these new methods to the topologic and geometric properties of networks are provided. The results are compared with the predictions of the random model. Data used in the analysis were obtained from 1:24,000 U.S.G.S. topographic maps of eastern Kentucky. Thirty drainage basins were selected and their channel networks were outlined first by the contour-crenulation (CC) method and then by another, more objective, method (SC) in which stream sources were identified by a quantitative slope criterion. The CC and SC samples comprise about 8,700 and 1,700 links, respectively. The three most important results of the analysis are: (1) the channel networks are slightly but significantly more elongated than predicted by the random model, (2) there are fewer second magnitude links than predicted, and (3) the length distribution for interior links depends upon the kind of link (interior or exterior) joined downstream. These features are found in both CC and SC networks.     

Wavelength Dependence of the Orbital Variability of the Eclipsing Nova-Like Object Dw Uma

Results of three-colour VRI CCD photometry are presented obtained during 11 nights in 2001. Twelve new minima timings are derived. The eclipse depth decreases with wavelength, being equal to 1.28, 1.13 and 1.02 for V, R and I, respectively. The instrumental magnitudes and colours are tabulated for the mid-eclipse, out-of-eclipse part and the eclipsed component. The V−R colour of the eclipsed component of emission is by 0.22 mag bluer than that for mid-eclipse, indicating a much higher temperature of the eclipsed region.     

Exhumation rates and age of metamorphism in the Sanbagawa belt: new constraints from zircon fission track analysis

Zircon fission track dating and track length analysis in the high‐grade part of the Asemigawa region of the Sanbagawa belt demonstrates a simple cooling history passing through the partial annealing zone at 63.2 ± 5.8 (2 σ) Ma. Combining this age with previous results of phengite and amphibole K–Ar and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating gives a cooling rate of between 6 and 13 °C Myr^?1, which can be converted to a maximum exhumation rate of 0.7 mm year^?1 using the known shape of the P–T path. This is an order of magnitude lower than the early part of the exhumation history. In contrast, zircon fission track analyses in the low‐grade Oboke region show that this area has undergone a complex thermal history probably related to post‐orogenic secondary reheating younger than c. 30 Ma. This event may correlate with the widespread igneous activity in south‐west Japan around 15 Ma. The age of subduction‐related metamorphism in the Oboke area is probably considerably older than the generally accepted range of 77–70 Ma.     

Prospects of large-scale noble metal mineralization in the Upper Selemdzha minerogenic zone (by the example of the Malomyr and Sagur-Semertak ore clusters)

The Upper Selemdzha minerogenic zone, which has the potential for noble metal mineralization in the Upper Amur, has been studied. It is confined to the thick strata of Paleozoic terrigeneous-sedimentary rocks (sandstones, siltstones, clay schists, packages of their thin rhythmical interlayering, sedimentary breccias, and conglomerates) in the Tokura subzone of the Selemdzha-Kerbinsk zone in the Amur-Okhotsk area of the Mongol-Okhotsk system, overlain by Early Cretaceous volcanogenic sedimentary rocks and intruded by Early Cretaceous quartz diorites, granodiorites, and dacites. In the Malomyr and Sagur-Semertak ore clusters, there are a few known potential deposits of noble metals and ore occurrences; when studied and prospected, they can exhibit vein-veinlet noble metal mineralization with rich contents of gold and platinoids in ore columns and metasomatic deposits.