On the dependence of the saturated hydraulic conductivity upon the effective porosity through a power law model at different scales

We study the scale dependence of the saturated hydraulic conductivity K_s through the effective porosity n_e by means of a newly developed power‐law model (PLM) which allows to use simultaneously measurements at different scales. The model is expressed as product between a single PLM (capturing the impact of the dominating scale) and a characteristic function κ^? accounting for the correction because of the other scale(s). The simple (closed form) expression of the κ^?‐function enables one to easily identify the scales which are relevant for K_s. The proposed model is then applied to a set of real data taken at the experimental site of Montalto Uffugo (Italy), and we show that in this case two (i.e. laboratory and field) scales appear to be the main ones. The implications toward an important application (solute transport) in Hydrology are finally discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hybrid mafic dykes from Delwara Shear Zone,Mt. Abu,NW India

Mafic dykes intrude the composite Mt. Abu granite batholith as a minor and the last phase of magmatism. The dykes are sub-vertical, variable in width and visibly compact, however, features of alteration and shearing can be seen. The dykes occurring within the recently identified and described, Delwara Shear Zone (DWSZ), from the western margin of the Mt. Abu batholith are intensely to moderately sheared and intricately mixed with the host granitoids. The mafic dykes occurring within the shear zone bear evidence of assimilating the host granitoids during their ascent, seen as relicts, streaks and sub-rounded K-feldspar clasts in mafic dykes. The hybridization has resulted in unusual geochemical signatures of the mafic dykes such as higher silica levels, erratic and high incompatible trace element abundances and lack of any systematic trends. Mixing line calculations on the mafic dyke samples reveal between 30 to 60% felsic input into the mafic dykes. Mafic dykes outside the shear zone in the Mt. Abu are meter scale in width and generally free of felsic inclusions owing to small volumes of mafic melts. Large volume of mafic melts are required for assimilating up to 60% felsic component which has been identified as approximately 100 m wide zone within the DWSZ. Shearing has played an important role in providing the channel ways and for sustained high temperatures to allow such hybridization.     

Investigation of dominant modes of monsoon ISO in the northwest and eastern Himalayan region

This study investigates the altitudinal variation of dominant modes of summer monsoon intra-seasonal oscillation (ISO) over the Northwest (NWH) and Eastern Himalayan (EH) region using (i) spatially scattered 133 number of station rainfall observations and (ii) latitudinal transect-wise (LT) rainfall variation, obtained from an observed interpolated gridded rainfall data for the period 1995–2004. The altitudinal variation of dominant modes of monsoon ISO were investigated by exploring the strong and weak phases of the principal components of 10–90 days bandpass rainfall data of June to September with respect to location specific station height. Investigation of frequency of days for light and moderate rainfall along with the occurrence of total seasonal rainy days has revealed existence of a rainfall maximum around 2100 m height for the NWH region. Similarly, the total seasonal rainy days of EH region was found to have maxima between 1100 and 1400 m height. Analyses of the spatially scattered station rainfall observation for the NWH region showed that the strong periods of ISO modes exist around 747.9 (±131.7) m and 2227.2 (±100.2) m heights. Over the EH region, the dominant modes of the monsoon ISO were found to be centred around 1200 m. Significant alterations of strong and weak phases of monsoon ISO as a response to altitudinal variation in the mountain surface were observed when latitudinal transect-wise variation of monsoon ISO modes were investigated.     

Integrating Indoor and Outdoor Spaces for Pedestrian Navigation Guidance: A Review

In light of the many improvements within 3D urban modeling and Location‐Based Services, this article provides a timely review of the state‐of‐the‐art on integrating indoor and outdoor spaces in pedestrian navigation guidance aids. With people moving seamlessly between buildings and surrounding areas, navigation guidance tools should extend from merely outdoor or indoor guidance, to provide support in the combined indoor‐outdoor context. This article first examines the challenges and complexities of integrating indoor and outdoor spaces into a single navigation system. Next, by using objective selection criteria, 36 relevant studies were withheld and further reviewed on their specific developments in data model requirements, and algorithmic and context support for integrated IO navigation systems. This review shows that the challenges of dealing with both indoor and outdoor space structures, while taking into account pedestrian's freer use of space, currently complicate the proposition of a unified IO space concept for navigation. However, there are some ongoing developments (e.g. context definitions, algorithmic extensions, increased data availability, growing awareness of pedestrians’ perception during wayfinding) that will help to bring outdoor and indoor spaces closer together in the realm of combined geospatial analysis.