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71.
While the chemical structure of the earth's mantle is probably rather complex, multi-box models have been used as a first approximation to evaluate this structure. Most commonly, a three-box model is used, involving the continental crust, the upper mantle and the lower mantle. The depleted upper mantle and the continental crust are assumed to represe1nt complementary reservoirs, related by crust formation processes occurring during geologic history.Here we investigate the Rb/Sr and Sm/Nd isotopic systematics of several three-box models, using mass balance equations and the definition of the mean age of the reservoirs. The geochemical uniqueness of the models, chosen from a large family of possible models, is evaluated from elementary graph theory, and these models are then solved using a total inversion approach. This paper (Part I) describes the methodology of the procedure; the companion paper (Part II) discusses the application of this approach to multi-box mantle models. 相似文献
72.
Laurent Millet Boris Vannière Valérie Verneaux Michel Magny Jean Robert Disnar Fatima Laggoun-Défarge Anne Véronique Walter-Simonnet Gilles Bossuet Elena Ortu Jacques-Louis de Beaulieu 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2007,38(4):525-539
This study focuses on the response of lacustrine littoral chironomid communities to late glacial changes in limnological,
environmental and climate conditions in the Mediterranean context. Late glacial chironomid (Diptera: Chironomidae) assemblages,
organic petrography and geochemistry were analysed in a sediment core from the littoral zone of Lago dell’Accesa (Tuscany,
Italy), where the lake-level fluctuations and the vegetation history have been previously reconstructed. Comparison of the
chironomid stratigraphy to other proxies (pollen assemblages, organic petrography and geochemistry, lake-level) and regional
climate reconstruction suggested the predominant influence of lake-level changes on the littoral chironomid fauna. The main
lowering events that occurred during the Oldest and the Younger Dryas were followed by higher proportions of taxa typical
of littoral habitats. A complementary study of organic matter suggested the indirect impact of lake-level on the chironomids
through changes in humic status and habitat characteristics, such as the type of substrate and aquatic macrophyte development.
Several chironomid taxa, such as Glyptotendipes, Microtendipes and Cricotopus type patens, were identified as possible indicators of low lake-level in the late glacial records. Nevertheless, this study suggested
that parallel analyses of organic matter and chironomid assemblages may be needed to circumvent misinterpretation of littoral
chironomid assemblage stratigraphy. There was a weak response of the chironomid assemblages to small lake-level lowerings
that corresponded to the Older Dryas and Preboreal oscillations. A higher level of determination, e.g. to the species group
level, may be necessary to increase the sensibility of the indicators to lake-level changes. 相似文献
73.
Renzo Bechini Dario Giaiotti Agostino Manzato Fulvio Stel Stefano Micheletti 《Atmospheric Research》2001,56(1-4)
On the morning of June 4th 1999, a severe weather event took place in San Quirino, a small village of Friuli-Venezia Giulia in the northeast of Italy. This village is located near the piedmont of the Alps, 40 km west from Udine and 60 km north from Venice.Around 0900 UTC (1100 local time), a thunderstorm with an intense hail fall affected the area of San Quirino. A few minutes later (around 0920 UTC, source: a farmer), a funnel cloud from a cumulonimbus touched the ground, producing damages to houses, trees and sheds. The damaged area was quite narrow (about 300 m) and short (less than 10 km). No injuries to people were reported.In spite of the smallness of the area interested by the phenomenon, this storm is studied here starting from the synoptic scale, moving to the mesoscale and finishing with the storm scale, trying to underline its characteristics. These analyses, especially those coming from the Doppler radar images, bring us to the conclusion that the San Quirino episode was produced by a supercell storm. 相似文献
74.
75.
Stochastic delineation of wellhead protection area in fractured aquifers and parametric sensitivity study 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
S. Chevalier M. A. Buès J. Tournebize O. Banton 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2001,15(3):205-227
In many countries, the setup of protection areas around every drinking water well was instituted at a national level in order
to preserve the quality of water as well as the perennially of the resource. Wellhead protection surfaces have been defined
using capture zones showing the area influenced by a well within a certain time. A stochastic method is developed for delineating
time-related capture zones in fractured aquifers characterised by a low porosity and a high degree of fracturing. The flow
velocity within the fractures is determined statistically depending on the distribution of the fracture features and the mass
transfer solution is obtained through a particle tracking algorithm. Probabilistic capture zone curves are obtained as a function
of the travel time of particles to the well and the percentage of particles apt to be extracted up to this time. A sensitivity
study of fracture network parameters leads to the conclusion that orientations and aperture distribution of the fracture sets
are of primary importance to the wellhead protection delineation. 相似文献
76.
The Lherz orogenic lherzolite massif (Eastern French Pyrenees) displays one of the best exposures of subcontinental lithospheric
mantle containing veins of amphibole pyroxenites and hornblendites. A reappraisal of the petrogenesis of these rocks has been
attempted from a comprehensive study of their mutual structural relationships, their petrography and their mineral compositions.
Amphibole pyroxenites comprise clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and spinel as early cumulus phases, with garnet and late-magmatic
K2O-poor pargasite replacing clinopyroxene, and subsolidus exsolution products (olivine, spinel II, garnet II, plagioclase).
The original magmatic mineralogy and rock compositions were partly obscured by late-intrusive hornblendites and over a few
centimetres by vein–wallrock exchange reactions which continued down to subsolidus temperatures for Mg–Fe. Thermobarometric
data and liquidus parageneses indicate that amphibole pyroxenites started to crystallize at P ≥ 13 kbar and recrystallized at P < 12 kbar. The high AlVI/AlIV ratio (>1) of clinopyroxenes, the early precipitation of orthopyroxene and the late-magmatic amphibole are arguments for
parental melts richer in silica but poorer in water than alkali basalts. Their modelled major element compositions are similar
to transitional alkali basalt with about 1–3 wt% H2O. In contrast to amphibole pyroxenites, hornblendites only show kaersutite as liquidus phase, and phlogopite as intercumulus
phase. They are interpreted as crystalline segregates from primary basanitic magmas (mg=0.6; 4–6 wt% H2O). These latter cannot be related to the parental liquids of amphibole pyroxenites by a fractional crystallization process.
Rather, basanitic liquids mostly reused pre-existing pyroxenite vein conduits at a higher structural level (P ≤ 10 kbar). A continuous process of redox melting and/or alkali melt/peridotite interaction in a veined lithospheric mantle
is proposed to account for the origin of the Lherz hydrous veins. The transitional basalt composition is interpreted in terms
of extensive dissolution of olivine and orthopyroxene from wallrock peridotite by alkaline melts produced at the mechanical
boundary layer/thermal boundary layer transition (about 45–50 km deep). Continuous fluid ingress allowed remelting of the
deeper veined mantle to produce the basanitic, strongly volatiles enriched, melts that precipitated hornblendites. A similar
model could be valid for the few orthopyroxene-rich hydrous pyroxenites described in basalt-hosted mantle xenoliths.
Received: 15 September 1999 / Accepted: 31 January 2000 相似文献
77.
L. Eymard S. Planton P. Durand C. Le Visage P. Y. Le Traon L. Prieur A. Weill D. Hauser J. Rolland J. Pelon F. Baudin B. Bénech J. L. Brenguier G. Caniaux P. De Mey E. Dombrowski A. Druilhet H. Dupuis B. Ferret C. Flamant P. Flamant F. Hernandez D. Jourdan K. Katsaros D. Lambert J. M. Lefèvre P. Le Borgne B. Le Squere A. Marsoin H. Roquet J. Tournadre V. Trouillet A. Tychensky B. Zakardjian 《Annales Geophysicae》1996,14(9):986-1015
The SEMAPHORE (Structure des Echanges Mer-Atmosphère, Propriétés des Hétérogénéités Océaniques: Recherche Expérimentale) experiment has been conducted from June to November 1993 in the Northeast Atlantic between the Azores and Madeira. It was centered on the study of the mesoscale ocean circulation and air-sea interactions. The experimental investigation was achieved at the mesoscale using moorings, floats, and ship hydrological survey, and at a smaller scale by one dedicated ship, two instrumented aircraft, and surface drifting buoys, for one and a half month in October-November (IOP: intense observing period). Observations from meteorological operational satellites as well as spaceborne microwave sensors were used in complement. The main studies undertaken concern the mesoscale ocean, the upper ocean, the atmospheric boundary layer, and the sea surface, and first results are presented for the various topics. From data analysis and model simulations, the main characteristics of the ocean circulation were deduced, showing the close relationship between the Azores front meander and the occurrence of Mediterranean water lenses (meddies), and the shift between the Azores current frontal signature at the surface and within the thermocline. Using drifting buoys and ship data in the upper ocean, the gap between the scales of the atmospheric forcing and the oceanic variability was made evident. A 2 °C decrease and a 40-m deepening of the mixed layer were measured within the IOP, associated with a heating loss of about 100 W m−2. This evolution was shown to be strongly connected to the occurrence of storms at the beginning and the end of October. Above the surface, turbulent measurements from ship and aircraft were analyzed across the surface thermal front, showing a 30% difference in heat fluxes between both sides during a 4-day period, and the respective contributions of the wind and the surface temperature were evaluated. The classical momentum flux bulk parameterization was found to fail in low wind and unstable conditions. Finally, the sea surface was investigated using airborne and satellite radars and wave buoys. A wave model, operationally used, was found to get better results compared with radar and wave-buoy measurements, when initialized using an improved wind field, obtained by assimilating satellite and buoy wind data in a meteorological model. A detailed analysis of a 2-day period showed that the swell component, propagating from a far source area, is underestimated in the wave model. A data base has been created, containing all experimental measurements. It will allow us to pursue the interpretation of observations and to test model simulations in the ocean, at the surface and in the atmospheric boundary layer, and to investigate the ocean-atmosphere coupling at the local and mesoscales. 相似文献
78.
The intermediate lavas (andesites, trachyandesites, doreites, sancyites) of the Cenozoïc volcanic districts of the Massif Central (France) are compared with lavas of the alkaline and calc-alkaline suites. On ground of mineralogical and chemical data, two groups may be recognized. The rocks of the first group bear a close resemblance with the intermediate rocks that result of the differentiation of an alkaline basaltic magma. The rocks of the second group, less numerous, possess one or several characters identical to those of calc-alkaline andesites.The contamination suffered by some lavas of both groups has not been sufficient to blot out their comagmatic characteristics. 相似文献
79.
Résumé Dans le Haut-Atlas marocain, entre l'oued Sous au Sud, Asif AÏt Moussa à l'Ouest, le bled Seksaoua au Nord et Tizi n'Test à l'Est, plus exactement dans la partie sud-ouest du Massif du Tichka et au Nord-Ouest de ce massif affleurent en de nombreux endroits des roches charbonneuses: grès, arkoses, pélites, schistes, cipolins et coméennes dont la principale est la tisrouimite (7). Cette dernière s'est déposée un peu avant les calcaires àArchaeocyatha du Cambrien inférieur, puis en mÊme temps que leurs couches de base. Les autres roches charbonneuses sont sensiblement contemporaines de la tisrouimite. On peut en conclure qu'il a existé un bassin sédimentaire riche en matière organique à une époque correspondant, en première approximation, a l'Assadasien.
The area of study in the moroccan High-Atlas area is included between wady Sous to the South, Asif AÏt Moussa to the West, bled Seksaoua to the North and Tizi n'Test to the East; more exactly it is located in the south-western and nordwestern Tichka. In this area we have noticed numerous outcrops of carbonaceous rocks, such as sandstones, arkoses, mudstones, shales, cipolins and hornfels, the principal variety of which is tisrouimite (7). Tisroumite first was deposited shortly before the Lower Cambrian Archaeocyathid limestones, and again later contemporaneously with the basal layers of these limestones. The other carbonaceous rocks are more or less contemporaneous with the tisrouimite. Therefore we conclude approximately at the time of the Assedasian (early Cambrian II) a sedimentary basin existed the sediments of which were rich in organic matter
Zusammenfassung Im marokkanischen Hoch-Atlas, zwischen Wadi Sous im Süden, Asif AÏt Moussa im Westen, der Gegend um Seksoua im Norden und Tizi n'Test im Osten, sind im SW-Teil und NE-Teil des Tichka-Gebirgsstockes dunkle, kohlenstoffreiche Gesteine aufgeschlossen: Sandstein, Arkose, Pelit, Schiefer, grüner Marmor und Homfels, dessen Hauptvariante tisrouimite genannt wird. Die Hornfelse sind etwas älter als die Archaeocyathiden-Kalke des Unterkambriums und bilden ihre Basis Die übrigen Gesteine sind etwa gleich alt wie die Hornfelse. Wir schließen daraus, daß hier zur Zeit des Assadassien (tieferes Kambrium II) ein Sedimentationsbecken lag, dessen Sedimente reich an organischen Substanzen waren.
Bushveld Rooiberg , - , : ) - , ; ) , ; ) , . — , . — , ghoststratigraphy , . — . — , , , Rooiberg, , .相似文献
80.
Résumé L'existence de relations entre les teneurs en carbonates et en sulfures dans les eaux des bassins réducteurs, ainsi que l'irreversibilité de la réaction sulfate-sulfure, conduisent à proposer le remplacement des diagrammes Eh. pH, par les diagrammes log S, pH (S désignant la concentration totale de S (-II)). Nous donnons ici le principe de construction, des exemples de diagrammes et quelques applications.
The existence of relations between the amounts of carbonates and the sulfides in the water of anoxic basins and the irreversibility of the reaction sulphate-sulfide lead us to propose the substitution of diagrams Eh, pH by diagrams log S, pH (S being the total concentration of S (-II)). The principle of how diagrams should be drawn is outlined and some examples and applications are given.相似文献