高精度城市地下工程的工程地质勘察技术与效果

以城市地下工程的工程地质需求为背景,介绍了在吸收传统的电阻率法勘探技术精华和方法理论的基础上发展起来的二维地电影像系统的理论、方法、技术,并通过实测案例展示了该技术在研究工程与环境地质调查问题的优势及可性行.     

Trends of Temperature Extremes in China and its Relationship with Global temperature anomalies Relationship with Global Temperature Anomalies

Changes of temperature extremes over China were evaluated using daily maximum and minimum temperature data from 591 stations for the period 1961--2002. A set of indices of warm extremes, cold extremes and daily temperature range (DTR) extremes was studied with a focus on trends. The results showed that the frequency of warm extremes (F_WE) increased obviously in most parts of China, and the intensity of warm extremes (I_WE) increased significantly in northern China. The opposite distribution was found in the frequency and intensity of cold extremes. The frequency of high DTR extremes was relatively uniform with that of intensity: an obvious increasing trend was located over western China and the east coast, while significant decreases occurred in central, southeastern and northeastern China; the opposite distribution was found for low DTR extreme days. Seasonal trends illustrated that both F_WE and I_WE showed significant increasing trends, especially over northeastern China and along the Yangtze Valley basin in spring and winter. A correlation technique was used to link extreme temperature anomalies over China with global temperature anomalies. Three key regions were identified, as follows: northeastern China and its coastal areas, the high-latitude regions above 40^oN, and southwestern China and the equatorial eastern Pacific.     

2023年8月6日山东平原M5.5地震破裂过程快速反演

北京时间2023年8月6日2时33分,山东德州市平原县发生M5.5地震。震后第一时间利用国家烈度速报与预警工程项目在山东地区建成的强震台站数据对该次地震进行破裂过程快速反演。基于破裂方向性效应,通过趋势面拟合的方法确定了此次地震的主破裂面。反演得到的破裂模型表明,破裂面呈现NE-SW走向,破裂主要由震中向NE方向拓展,地震破裂持续时间为8s,破裂长度约为8km,最大滑动量为0.024m。相对于6级以上地震,此次地震震级相对较小,破裂最大滑动量偏小,破裂过程也相对简单。震后统计的余震分布与破裂模型显示的破裂区域能够较好地吻合,在破裂区域的边界附近余震分布也较为集中,推断可能是由于积累的应力能量进一步释放引发的余震。     

低渗卤水盆地提高CO2注入性的技术方法: 以江汉盆地为例

注入性是关系CO₂地质储存成功与否的一个关键的技术和经济问题, 评价与提高CO₂在中国陆相沉积盆地普遍存在的低渗储层中的注入能力对于碳捕集与封存技术在中国的应用与推广具有重要意义.以江汉盆地江陵凹陷为例, 通过数值模拟的方法开展高盐低渗储层CO₂注入能力评估与提高方案研究.结果表明: 预注入淡水和低盐度的微咸水溶液均可不同程度地缓解注入井周围的盐沉淀问题; 预注入CO₂饱和溶液或稀盐酸溶液, 可显著提高注入井周围的孔渗值, 提高CO₂注入性, 但由于储层本身的低渗性, 迁移距离有限, 短时间内较难实现CO₂注入速率的大幅度提高.采取水力压裂措施可显著提高低渗储层中CO₂的注入性, 其提升能力取决于压裂裂缝的半长度以及压裂程度.对于单个垂直井, 通过水力压裂对储层加以改造, 并采取多层注入的方式, 在低渗储层中实现数十万吨的年注入量是可能的.      

国家中心地震烈度速报与预警技术平台

震后快速获取发震信息和灾区受灾情况,对于降低生命和财产损失、震后灾害评估和救援决策至关重要。得益于国家地震烈度速报与预警工程的实施,中国地震台网中心建立了国家中心地震烈度速报与预警技术平台。通过该平台汇集并交换全国预警实时波形,分析、判断、加工实时波形数据,及时产出地震预警、烈度速报、地震基本参数和震源参数等信息产品,并将其推送到紧急信息服务系统,实现秒级地震预警、分钟级参数速报和烈度速报,在泸定 M_S6.8 等强震袭来时均成功发布预警信息,为防震减灾及应急救援等提供有力保障。本文详细介绍该平台的整体情况及其所包含的分系统功能,并讨论目前平台的技术特性和需要改进的问题。     

The determination of larval metamorphic competence of Styela canopus Savigny

The larvae of Styela canopus show the highest rates of settlement and metamorphosiswhen treated with 40 mM KCl-elevated seawater at 25 ℃ in temperature and 27.0 in salinity. Inducedby 40 mM KCl-elevated seawater, it took Styela canopus larvae approximately 3 h after hatching to de-velop competence to settle and metamorphose. The present experiment shows that Styela canopus larvaeis an ideal model organism for examining the efficiency of antifouling substance.     

煤炭与石油保障风险综合评价实证研究——以北京和浙江为例

在构建煤炭与石油保障风险综合评价指标体系,计算煤炭和石油保障综合风险度以及简历风险源、风险度评价模型等研究成果的基础上,采用层次分析法,划分了中国煤炭和石油保障风险的综合等级,将风险可能性划分为极低、低、中、高、极高5个级别.进一步选择了北京和浙江,结合两地煤炭石油保障的实际情况,利用这一评价体系评价了两地的煤炭和石油各风险源、风险度,集成得到综合风险度指数,进而划分了两地的煤炭与石油保障风险等级.结果表明:北京市和浙江省的煤炭综合风险级别分别为较低和中等,石油综合风险级别分别为中等和较高,研究结果基本符合现状,从而验证了该指标体系及其评价方法的适用性与合理性;同时,实证结果还对两地煤炭和石油的风险发生概率进行了预测,以期起到一定的预警参考作用.     

Dynamic response characteristics of a rock slope with discontinuous joints under the combined action of earthquakes and rapid water drawdown

In order to study the dynamic response characteristics of a rock slope with discontinuities under the combined action of earthquakes and rapid water drawdown, a large-scale shaking table test was performed on a rock slope with discontinuous joints. Wenchuan earthquake (WE) seismic records were performed to investigate the horizontal and vertical acceleration response and displacement response. In particular, three-dimensional optical measurement techniques was used to obtain the slope surface displacements. A comparison was made on the seismic response according to the analysis of PGD (peak ground displacement) and M _PGA (acceleration amplification coefficient) of the modeled slope. The results show that the experimental slope mainly underwent settlement and horizontal deformation when the WE records were applied in the z and x directions, respectively. The slope was first shaken by the P wave, which caused the differential settlement to occur at the surface slope; then, the slope was shaken more severely by the S wave, which led to a greater horizontal deformation. Moreover, analysis of the ΔPGD (increment of PGD) and ΔM _PGA (increment of M _PGA) under rapid drawdown suggests that the rapid water drawdown mainly impacts the deformation of the surface slope, particularly between the high and low water levels. The water infiltration through the cracks softened the material of the surface slope, and the rapid drawdown also enhanced the slope deformation. In addition, the damage evolution process of the slope can be identified, mainly including three stages: an elastic stage (<?0.168 g), a plastic stage (0.168–0.336 g), and a failure stage (>?0.336 g).     

An Introductory Overview of Earthquake Early Warning

Earthquake early warning (EEW) is discriminated from earthquake prediction by using initial seismic waves to predict the severity of ground motion and issue the warning information to potential affected area. The warning information is useful to mitigate the disaster and decrease the losses of life and economy. We reviewed the development history of EEW worldwide and summarized the methodologies using in different systems. Some new sensors came and are coming into EEW giving more developing potential to future implementation. The success of earthquake disaster mitigation relies on the cooperation of the whole society.     

Investigation of failure prediction of open-pit coal mine landslides containing complex geological structures using the inverse velocity method

The prediction of time to slope failure (TOF) is one of the most pivotal concerns for both geological risk researchers and practitioners. Conventional inverse velocity method (IVM), based on the analysis of displacement monitoring data, has become an effective method to solve this problem because it is easy to perform and the prediction results are generally acceptable. Practically, some limitations like random instrumental noise, environmental noise, and measurement error are ubiquitous factors hampered the reliability of the prediction. In this work, traditional IVM method and modified IVM with three different filters are respectively detected on velocity time series from an landslide event in an open-pit coal mine with the propose of improving, in retrospect, the accuracy of failure predictions. Simultaneously, the effects of noise on the appraisal of IVM graphics are also assessed and explanation. The results demonstrate that the sliding process of landslides can be divided into three signature stages based on the IVM. Noteworthily, the slope failure critical point occurs at the end of the progressive stage and generally coincides with a major acceleration event in which almost integrity of the slope is lost, transitioning to a linear trend ever since. Additionally, the short-term smoothing filter (SSF) and long-term smoothing filter (LSF) models can provide more accuracy and useful information about the probable failure time. Finally, with the intention of enhancing the feasible use of the method and supporting pre-determined response plans, two-level alert procedures combing SSF and LSF are proposed.

Graphical abstract