黄土地区活动断层的显微构造和显微沉积学探测

以发育在黄土地层的陕西省西安市临潼—长安断裂为对象,采用显微构造和显微沉积学分析的方法,从微观的角度探讨黄土地层中的活动断层。观测了该断裂上的7个露头剖面和一条探槽剖面,采集样品42件。在室内对所采集的样品进行了显微构造、超微构造和能谱测定(扫描电镜)以及显微沉积学分析。研究结果表明,野外宏观观测难以辨认的断层迹象,在断层带样品的切片(大薄片)上肉眼即可清楚辨别。显微构造观测发现,断层在微观上可以表现为错动面、较宽的断层带、断层破碎带、变形条带、泥质条带和愈合的张裂隙等。扫描电镜观测和能谱测定显示,断层破碎带或泥质条带与其外围地层具有不同的超微结构,而且成分有所变化,表明断层活动过程中有流体的参与,并导致某些元素的带出和带入。粒度分析结果发现,断层样品相对于外围样品,粒度>0.03mm的颗粒减少,<0.03mm的颗粒和粘土质增加,表明黄土地层的断层活动仍有碎裂作用发生。分形分析结果表明,黄土地层的碎屑颗粒分形特征呈弧形分布,但断层样品更趋于线性分布。此外,在其中一个剖面的样品中,发现了震击物(seismite)的一些微观标志,如球状体构造、负荷构造和流体通道构造等。所有研究结果表明,显微构造和显微沉积学分析是黄土地层中活动断层研究的有效手段。     

Modeling Groundwater in Multimodal Porous Media with Localized Decompositions

In the present paper, a new stochastic framework is introduced to decompose random variables. This decomposition method is shown to better capture and reflect the medium heterogeneity for multimodal porous media than the classical Reynolds decomposition does. In particular, with this decomposition method, the variance of log conductivity is decomposed into two parts. The first one measures the mean differences of log conductivity across different units having high contrasting conductivity. The second part measures the variation of log conductivity arisen within individual units. Based on this localized decomposition, a new stochastic model is proposed for flow in a highly heterogeneous porous media. This stochastic model shall produce much sharper approximations under the assumption that only the second part of the variance of log conductivity is small. Therefore, the proposed model can partially overcome the assumption of small composite variance for log conductivity in current theory for both flow and transport.     

Observed spatiotemporal variation of three-dimensional structure and heat/salt transport of anticyclonic mesoscale eddy in Northwest Pacific

Journal of Oceanology and Limnology - As in-situ observations are sparse, targeted observations of a specific mesoscale eddy are rare. Therefore, it is difficult to study the three-dimensional...     

Can Langmuir Circulations Solve the Problem of Insufficient Upper-Ocean Mixing?

Insufficient vertical mixing in the upper ocean during summer is a common problem of oceanic circulation and climate models. The turbulence associated with non-breaking waves is widely believed to effectively solve this problem. In many studies, non-breaking surface wave processes are attributed to the effects of Langmuir circulations(LCs). In the present work, the influences of LCs on the upper-ocean thermal structure are examined by using one-and three-dimensional ocean circulation, as well as climate, models. The results indicated that the effect of vertical mixing enhanced by LCs is limited to the upper ocean. The models evaluated, including those considering LC effects alone and the combined effects of LCs and wave breaking, failed to produce a reasonable summertime thermocline, resulting in a large cold bias in the subsurface layer. Therefore, while they can slightly reduce the biases of mixed layer depths and sea surface temperatures in models, LCs are insufficient to solve the problem of insufficient vertical mixing. Moreover, restriction of non-breaking surface wave-induced processes in LCs may be questionable.     

On the variability of near-bed floc size due to complex interactions between turbulence,SSC, settling velocity,effective density and the fractal dimension of flocs

Interactions between turbulence, suspended sediment concentration (SSC), settling velocity, effective density, fractal dimension, and floc size were studied on the tide-dominated, muddy coastal shelf of the southwestern Yellow Sea, China. The measurements were carried out in July 2013 at two sites located in water depths of 21.2 and 22.1 m. Negative correlations were observed between shear rate, SSC, effective density, and mean floc size, which supports the results of previous numerical, experimental, and field studies. A significant positive correlation was observed between near-bed SSC and shear rate, an indication that SSC variations are controlled by turbulence and re-suspension. In addition, significant linear relationships were found between settling velocity and other parameters (floc size, turbulence, SSC, effective density, and fractal dimension) at the two sites, indicating that the controlling factors on settling velocity are spatially variable. Principal component analysis was applied to determine the relative importance of turbulence, flocculation ability, and SSC as controls on floc size in situ. The relative contributions of turbulence, flocculation ability, and SSC to floc size (at both sites) were ~33.0%, 30.3%, and 29.7%, respectively, this being a new field-based quantitative analysis of the controls on floc size. The findings demonstrate that, in nature, flocculation ability affects floc size to the same degree as turbulence and SSC. Therefore, predictions of floc size in coastal marine environments require constraints not only on turbulence and SSC, but also on flocculation ability.     

A comparative analysis of fatty acid composition and fucoxanthin content in six <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phaeodactylum tricornutum</Emphasis> strains from diff erent origins

Phaeodactylum tricornutum is a potential livestock for the combined production of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and fucoxanthin. In this study, six marine diatom strains identified as P. tricornutum were cultured and their total lipid, fatty acid composition and major photosynthetic pigments determined. It was found that the cell dry weight concentration and mean growth rate ranged between 0.24–0.36 g/L and 0.31–0.33/d, respectively. Among the strains, SCSIO771 presented the highest total lipid content, followed by SCSIO828, and the prominent fatty acids in all strains were C16:0, C16:1, C18:1, and C20:5 (EPA). Polyunsaturated fatty acids, including C16:2, C18:2, and EPA, comprised a significant proportion of the total fatty acids. EPA was markedly high in all strains, with the highest in SCSIO828 at 25.65% of total fatty acids. Fucoxanthin was the most abundant pigment in all strains, with the highest in SCSIO828 as well, at 5.50 mg/g. The collective results suggested that strain SCSIO828 could be considered a good candidate for the concurrent production of EPA and fucoxanthin.