新疆稀有—稀土金属矿床成矿作用时空规律

新疆北部的阿尔泰造山带、中部的塔里木地块北缘(含天山造山带)和南部昆仑——阿尔金造山带都有大量稀有(稀土)金属矿床分布,构成我国西部3条重要的稀有(稀土)金属矿床成矿带,并显示出矿化类型的多样性、成因机制的复杂性和成矿时代的规律性。本文在大量地质地球化学研究成果的系统总结和富钾矿物~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar及全岩     

海岸地下水勘探的地面电阻率法

地面电阻率法能探测孔隙水含盐量的变化，对海岸地下水的勘探有重要作用。电阻率的解释要与海岸的水文地质模型相吻合。在解释潜水含水层的电阻率时，应当注意包气带的下部边界是潜水面，而是毛细带顶部，淡水层的下部边界不是过渡带中部，而是过渡带顶部。地面电阻率法能定量确定淡水层的埋深、厚度和分布范围。     

蒙大拿州Beartooth山脉北Snowy地块的太古代构造

位于蒙大拿州Beartooth山脉北西部的北Snowy地块主要是由七个太古代岩性单元组成:(1)Mouny Cowen眼球状花岗质片麻岩;(2)由大量长英质片麻岩、砂屑片岩、角闪岩和铁建造组成的副片麻岩系;(3)眼球状构造的花岗质凝灰岩;(4)千枚状Dauis Geeek片岩;(5)奥长花岗质片麻岩—角闪石岩杂岩;(6)Pine Greek推覆杂岩,为一具有闪岩核和两翼对称出现大理岩和石英岩的区域等斜构造;(7)上壳混合杂岩,由石英岩—闪岩组合和具有花岗质物质间层贯入上壳岩的非均质片麻岩组成。每个单元有其特征的岩性组合、变质级和构造样式。大多数单元之间的接触部位以糜棱岩(被认为是韧性断层的产物)和变质级的突变为标志。在四个构造作用最强的单元中,这些变化造成变质级的逆向和不连续增加。这些单元现在的轮廓最好解释为,在2.74Ga和2.56Ga前,变质期后,可能沿走向滑移断层和逆冲断层的构造拼合。从更大的范围看,这一地区位于怀俄明州北部两个截然不同地体的边界上(副片麻岩—Mount Cowan接触)。一个为东西的晚太古代侵入地体。另一个是西面的太古代变质上壳岩地体。NSB和Beartooth山脉的其它部分的关系表明,这个边界产生在晚太古代造山运动期间,与现代碰撞环境有许多相似性。     

地球物理反问题中的总体推断

浅部地球的非侵害研究是众多地球科学学科的一个基本环节。这种研究通常用地球物理方法来完成，这意味着要求解地球物理反问题。遗憾的是，几乎所有的地球物理反问题都有固有的非唯一性。本文描述了一种处理非唯一性的方法，可以相信该方法比这个领域中以前的方法更直接更完善，我们不采用正则化方法来约束问题的非唯一性，而是直接针对非唯一性并描述它。基本方法是产生并描述一个模型集，该集根据观测误差在可接受的限制范围内拟合数据。为表征解的不确定性和推断所有可接受模型的共性，用统计方法来分析这个也称为总体的模型集。另外该方法也给出问题线性程度的信息和制定各参数间的折衷方案。该方法具有普遍性，能用于众多地球物理反问题。我们用两个典型的地球物理反问题说明了这个方法。第一是加利福尼亚州Ｋｅｓｔｅｒｓｏｎ的跨孔走时应用。第二个应用由地面重力测量同时估计常数密度体的密度和形状。     

里农层状夕卡岩铜矿床喷流-沉积成因的地球化学证据

通过对里农铜矿床含矿层状夕卡岩的岩石化学特征、稀土元素地球化学特征、稳定同位素组成、流体包裹体温压地球化学和里农花岗闪长岩体的地球化学特征等的对比研究,证明该铜矿床具典型的喷流-沉积特征,其形成与里农花岗闪长岩体侵位无关。     

Measuring and monitoring persistent organic pollutants in the context of risk assessment

Due to growing concerns regarding persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the environment, extensive studies and monitoring programs have been carried out in the last two decades to determine their concentrations in water, sediment, and more recently, in biota. An extensive review and analysis of the existing literature shows that whilst the vast majority of these efforts either attempt to compare (a) spatial changes (to identify "hot spots"), or (b) temporal changes to detect deterioration/improvement occurring in the environment, most studies could not provide sufficient statistical power to estimate concentrations of POPs in the environment and detect spatial and temporal changes. Despite various national POPs standards having been established, there has been a surprising paucity of emphasis in establishing accurate threshold concentrations that indicate potential significant threats to ecosystems and public health. Although most monitoring programs attempt to check compliance through reference to certain "environmental quality objectives", it should be pointed out that many of these established standards are typically associated with a large degree of uncertainty and rely on a large number of assumptions, some of which may be arbitrary. Non-compliance should trigger concern, so that the problem can be tracked down and rectified, but non-compliance must not be interpreted in a simplistic and mechanical way. Contaminants occurring in the physical environment may not necessarily be biologically available, and even when they are bioavailable, they may not necessarily elicit adverse biological effects at the individual or population levels. As such, we here argue that routine monitoring and reporting of abiotic and biotic POPs concentrations could be of limited use, unless such data can be related directly to the assessment of public health and ecological risks. Risk can be inferred from the ratio of predicted environmental concentration (PEC) and the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC). Currently, the paucity of data does not allow accurate estimation of PNEC, and future endeavors should therefore, be devoted to determine the threshold concentrations of POPs that can cause undesirable biological effects on sensitive receivers and important biological components in the receiving environment (e.g. keystone species, populations with high energy flow values, etc.), to enable derivation of PNECs based on solid scientific evidence and reduce uncertainty. Using the threshold body burden of POPs required to elicit damages of lysosomal integrity in the green mussel (Perna virvidis) as an example, we illustrate how measurement of POPs in body tissue could be used in predicting environmental risk in a meaningful way.     

宜昌地质矿产研究所同位素地球化学开放研究实验室简介

宜昌地质矿产研究所同位素地球化学开放研究实验室的前身是中国地质科学院绝对年龄实验室,于1959年底在前苏联专家包列娃娅、萨巴多维奇和著名地质学家、中国科学院院士程裕淇教授、王恒升教授和中国地质科学院朱效成副院长的支持和指导下在北京创建,是中国最早建立的三个同位素地     

杭州市土壤铅污染的铅同位素示踪研究

根据杭州市40个土壤全铅和38个可溶相铅的统计分析,土壤中全铅平均含量为49.6×10-6,可溶相铅平均为21.4×10-6,城区表土的全铅高达76.1×10-6,显著高于全国土壤平均值。分析结果还显示,从农村→远郊→近郊→公路旁,土壤可溶相铅含量逐渐增加,且土壤的可溶相铅含量与深度具明显的负相关关系。表明杭州市土壤受到了不同程度的铅污染,污染程度由农村→远郊→近郊→公路旁→城区有明显的增高趋势。通过对茶园土壤中可溶相铅、残渣态铅及城区表土全铅的同位素组成对比分析发现,从土壤残渣态(代表土壤背景)→土壤可溶相→城区表层土壤全铅206Pb/207Pb比值有明显的降低。208Pb/(206Pb+207Pb)也有类似的变化趋势。将土壤与杭州市的汽车尾气、大气等环境样品进行对比发现,随着土壤受污染程度的增加,铅同位素组成逐渐向汽车尾气铅漂移,表明汽车尾气排放的铅为其主要污染源。