Coefficient of permeability determined by measurable parameters

Selection of a coefficient of permeability or the hydraulic conductivity in practical situations has required a fair amount of judgment and the expectation of accuracy can range over an order of magnitude. A determination of the coefficient based on measurable characteristics would greatly reduce the judgment aspect. The coefficient of permeability of a porous media can be derived from the following measurable parameters: the density and viscosity of the permeating fluid, the porosity of the media, the average hydraulic radius of the pores, and the gravitation constant. The hydraulic radius is calculated from the grain size distribution analysis of the porous media assuming spherical particles and a factor to account for the shape of the particles. The shape factor ranges from 1.0 to 1.4 in the extreme but, for common porous media, ranges only from 1.0 to about 1.1. All of the variables, except the shape factor, are measurable by standard test procedures. An important advantage of using this procedure for determining permeability is that the factors can be visualized as part of the physical flow process. The procedure assumes laminar flow and applies equally to liquid or gas fluids.     

Turbulent flow through porous media

The pressure driving flow through porous media must be equal to the viscous resistance plus the inertial resistance. Formulas are developed for both the viscous resistance and the inertial resistance. The expression for the coefficient of permeability consists of parameters which describe the characteristics of the porous medium and the permeating fluid and which, for unconsolidated isotropic granular media, are all measurable. A procedure is proposed for testing for the occurrence of turbulence and calculating the effective permeability when it occurs. The formulas are applied to a set of data from 588 permeameter runs ranging from laminar to highly turbulent. The equations fit the data from the permeameter closely through the laminar flow conditions and quite closely through the turbulent conditions. In the turbulent range, the plotting of the data separates into three distinct lines for each of the three shapes of particles used in the tests. For the porous medium and fluid of these tests, turbulence begins at a head gradient of about 0.1.     

Degradates provide insight to spatial and temporal trends of herbicides in ground water

Since 1995, a network of municipal wells in Iowa, representing all major aquifer types (alluvial, bedrock/karst region, glacial drift, bedrock/nonkarst region), has been repeatedly sampled for a broad suite of herbicide compounds yielding one of the most comprehensive statewide databases of such compounds currently available in the United States. This dataset is ideal for documenting the insight that herbicide degradates provide to the spatial and temporal distribution of herbicides in ground water. During 2001, 86 municipal wells in Iowa were sampled and analyzed for 21 herbicide parent compounds and 24 herbicide degradates. The frequency of detection increased from 17% when only herbicide parent compounds were considered to 53% when both herbicide parents and degradates were considered. Thus, the transport of herbicide compounds to ground water is substantially underestimated when herbicide degradates are not considered. A significant difference in the results among the major aquifer types was apparent only when both herbicide parent compounds and their degradates were considered. In addition, including herbicide degradates greatly improved the statistical relation to the age of the water being sampled. When herbicide parent compounds are considered, only 40% of the wells lacking a herbicide detection could be explained by the age of the water predating herbicide use. However, when herbicide degradates were also considered, 80% of the ground water samples lacking a detection could be explained by the age of the water predating herbicide use. Finally, a temporal pattern in alachlor concentrations in ground water could only be identified when alachlor degradates were considered.     

广东荷树下铅锌矿床地质地球化学特征与矿床成因

矿床产于上泥盆统大乌石组底部的一套碎屑岩夹碳酸盐岩地层中，受区域上东西向茶头山、大塘岭断裂带控制，层间破碎带和东西向断裂为其容矿构造。矿床的铅同位素组成为^206pb／^204pb=18．580～18．634，^207pb／^204pb=15．667～15．746，^208pb／^204pb=38．828～39．042，模式年龄为89～186Ma。方铅矿和闪锌矿的δ^34S=-0．93‰～3．23‰。含矿围岩及矿石的δ^13C=-5．86‰～-1．5‰，δ^18O=8．65‰～9．24‰。流体包裹体的均一温度为120～370℃，呈双峰态分布，峰值分别为170～190℃、240～260℃。成矿流体的盐度ω(NaCl)为7％～10％。地质地球化学特征说明荷树下矿床是一个浅成中低温岩浆源矿床，成矿物质主要来自中生代岩浆(体)，部分来自地层，成矿时代为燕山中晚期。     

新疆稀有—稀土金属矿床成矿作用时空规律

新疆北部的阿尔泰造山带、中部的塔里木地块北缘(含天山造山带)和南部昆仑——阿尔金造山带都有大量稀有(稀土)金属矿床分布,构成我国西部3条重要的稀有(稀土)金属矿床成矿带,并显示出矿化类型的多样性、成因机制的复杂性和成矿时代的规律性。本文在大量地质地球化学研究成果的系统总结和富钾矿物~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar及全岩     

地球物理反问题中的总体推断

浅部地球的非侵害研究是众多地球科学学科的一个基本环节。这种研究通常用地球物理方法来完成，这意味着要求解地球物理反问题。遗憾的是，几乎所有的地球物理反问题都有固有的非唯一性。本文描述了一种处理非唯一性的方法，可以相信该方法比这个领域中以前的方法更直接更完善，我们不采用正则化方法来约束问题的非唯一性，而是直接针对非唯一性并描述它。基本方法是产生并描述一个模型集，该集根据观测误差在可接受的限制范围内拟合数据。为表征解的不确定性和推断所有可接受模型的共性，用统计方法来分析这个也称为总体的模型集。另外该方法也给出问题线性程度的信息和制定各参数间的折衷方案。该方法具有普遍性，能用于众多地球物理反问题。我们用两个典型的地球物理反问题说明了这个方法。第一是加利福尼亚州Ｋｅｓｔｅｒｓｏｎ的跨孔走时应用。第二个应用由地面重力测量同时估计常数密度体的密度和形状。     

Impairment of sea urchin sperm quality by UV-B radiation: predicting fertilization success from sperm motility

Sperm quality of the sea urchin, Anthocidaris crassispina, after exposure to environmentally realistic UV-B irradiances, was assessed by changes in sperm motility (measured by the computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system), and related to subsequent fertilization success. Percentage motile sperm of A. crassispina declined significantly after exposure to a UV-B dose of 16.2 kJ m(-2), while sperm motion velocity as measured by curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight line velocity (VSL), and average path velocity (VAP) showed significant reduction after exposure to a UV-B dose of 5.4 kJ m(-2). A parallel study showed that fertilization success was significantly reduced after sperm were exposed to UV-B doses > or = 5.4 kJ m(-2). Notably, the four sperm motility parameters were strongly correlated with fertilization success (P < 0.001), followed the increasing order: VSL (r = 0.8) < % motile sperm (r = 0.804) < VCL (r = 0.912) < VAP (r = 0.928). Fertilization success is best predicted by VAP using the exponential model: y = 8.678 + 90.202/[1 + exp(82.83 - x)/10.27)] (r(2) = 0.95). Thus, impairment of sperm motility of sea urchin, as measured by the CASA method, can be used to predict reproductive success and ecological effects.     

里农层状夕卡岩铜矿床喷流-沉积成因的地球化学证据

通过对里农铜矿床含矿层状夕卡岩的岩石化学特征、稀土元素地球化学特征、稳定同位素组成、流体包裹体温压地球化学和里农花岗闪长岩体的地球化学特征等的对比研究,证明该铜矿床具典型的喷流-沉积特征,其形成与里农花岗闪长岩体侵位无关。