Transient analysis of the source of water to wells: Cape Cod, Massachusetts

A transient flow modeling analysis for potential public-supply wells on western Cape Cod, Massachusetts, demonstrates the difference between transient and steady-state recharge areas can have important implications for wellhead protection. An example of a single pumping well illustrates that commonly used steady-state time-related capture areas do not represent the recharge area and travel times of water being pumped from the well until sufficient time has elapsed for steady-state flow conditions to be established. Until that time, transient recharge areas are needed to account for the portion of water discharging from the well that entered the aquifer before pumping started. An example of two pumping wells demonstrates the same area at the water table cannot supply water to more than one well under steady-state flow conditions. Transient recharge areas to multiple wells can overlap, however, until steady-state flow conditions are established. The same area can, therefore, be a source of water to more than one well during early pumping times, and the water pumped from a given well may derive from source areas, including contaminated areas, that do not lie within the well's steady-state recharge area.     

土壤污染的发生因素与治理方法

污染土壤的面积在迅速扩大,迫切需要修复、治理,污染土壤的修复工作已成为环境保护研究的一个重点内容.土壤污染特征主要与土壤特性和功能相联系.导致土壤污染的内在和外在的可能因素繁多,土壤污染组分日益复杂化,给人类生存环境带来的危害程度也逐渐加深.研究表明,重金属类和农药类有机污染物是土壤的主要化学污染物.现有的污染土壤治理方法,如物理法、化学法、生物法等,都不同程度存在难以克服的技术问题,污染土壤的生态化学修复,即生物技术与化学方法相结合,代表了21世纪污染土壤修复技术的发展方向.     

青海滩间山金矿床找矿矿物学研究

本文重点讨论了滩间山金矿床主要矿石矿物的标型特征及其地质意义,可用于矿床类比及该类型金矿床的找矿评价和预测。     

胭脂河矿区含金黄铁矿方铅矿的分选提纯实验

陕西洛南胭脂河石英脉型金矿床,属于小秦岭金矿带的一部分。矿床中出现的矿物种类较多,主要含金的矿物组合为石英—黄铁矿—黄铜矿—自然金,方铅矿和黄铁矿是主要载金矿物。为了开展对本矿床的矿物学研究,同时也为了解决含金黄铁矿、方铅矿的分选提纯技术,进行了6个样品中的黄铁矿、方铅矿矿物对的分选提纯实验。     

River-induced flow dynamics in long-screen wells and impact on aqueous samples

Previously published field investigations and modeling studies have demonstrated the potential for sample bias associated with vertical wellbore flow in conventional monitoring wells constructed with long-screened intervals. This article builds on the existing body of literature by (1) demonstrating the utility of continuous (i.e., hourly measurements for ～1 month) ambient wellbore flow monitoring and (2) presenting results from a field experiment where relatively large wellbore flows (up to 4 L/min) were induced by aquifer hydrodynamics associated with a fluctuating river boundary located approximately 250 m from the test well. The observed vertical wellbore flows were strongly correlated with fluctuations in river stage, alternating between upward and downward flow throughout the monitoring period in response to changes in river stage. Continuous monitoring of ambient wellbore flows using an electromagnetic borehole flowmeter allowed these effects to be evaluated in concert with continuously monitored river-stage elevations (hourly) and aqueous uranium concentrations (daily) in a long-screen well and an adjacent multilevel well cluster. This study demonstrates that when contaminant concentrations within the aquifer vary significantly over the depth interval interrogated, river-induced vertical wellbore flow can result in variations in measured concentration that nearly encompass the full range of variation in aquifer contaminant concentration with depth.     

Effects of chlorpyrifos on cholinesterase activity and stress markers in the tropical reef fish Acanthochromis polyacanthus

Tropical coastal ecosystems, including the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) of Australia are increasingly threatened by pollution; yet few studies have investigated the sensitivity of GBR species to these pollutants. Here we exposed juveniles of the tropical reef fish Acanthochromis polyacanthus (spiny damselfish) to three concentrations of the insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) and measured (i) muscle cholinesterase (ChE) activity; (ii) hepatic glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity; and (iii) coenzyme Q (CoQ) redox balance, after 6h and 96h of exposure. After 96h, muscle ChE activity was significantly inhibited by 26%, 49% and 53% when fish were exposed to 1, 10 or 100μg/L CPF, respectively. Muscle ChE characterization revealed three types of ChEs, including two atypical forms. Hepatic CoQ antioxidant form significantly increased at 10μg/L after 6h of exposure, potentially demonstrating an early response to CPF-induced oxidative stress in liver. Hepatic GST was not affected by CPF exposure.