浅析Hotst文件的作用与应用

<正>1 Hosts文件的功能在Windows系统中有个Hosts文件(没有后缀名),不同的系统该文件在不同的目录中:Windows XP=C:/WINDOWS/system32/drivers/etcWindows 2000=C:/WINNT/system32/drivers/etcWindows 98/Me=C:/WINDOWS另外,还可以通过搜索Nosts,即可找到。找到后打开这个文件,该文件可以用记事本打开,首先看见了微软对这个文件的说明。这个文件是根据TCP/IP for Windows的标准来工作     

Composition and major sources of organic compounds in urban aerosols

Total suspended particles (TSP), collected during June 2002 to July 2003 in Guangzhou, a typical economically developed city in South China, were analyzed for the organic compound compositions using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Over 140 organic compounds were detected in the aerosols and grouped into different classes including n-alkanes, hopanoids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkanols, fatty acids, dicarboxylic acids excluding oxalic acid, polyols/polyacids, lignin products, phytosterols, phthalates and water-soluble sugars. The total amounts of the identified organic compounds including unresolved complex mixture (UCM) ranged from 3112 ng/m³ in spring to 5116 ng/m³ in winter, comprising on seasonal average 2.8% of TSP. Primary organic compounds peaked in winter although there are no heating systems burning fuels in Guangzhou. The highest saccharide levels occurred in fall due to agricultural activities. This study demonstrated that utilization of fossil fuels, biomass burning, soil resuspension and plastic/refuse burning are the major contributors to the identified organic compounds in the urban atmosphere of South China.     

基于SCIATRAN模型的二氧化氮DOAS 反演敏感性试验

气溶胶和地表反照率是影响星载SCIAMACHY仪器观测数据定量遥感NO2大气柱总量的2个主要因子.文中利用高光谱分辨率大气辐射传输模型SCIATRAN,在考虑分子吸收和气溶胶多次散射影响基础上,精确模拟了气溶胶、地表反照率和NO2气体浓度变化对差分处理前后卫星反射光谱的影响,并定义影响因子f,对3个模拟参数进行综合评价.结果表明:(1)通过剔除卫星反射光谱中慢变光谱变化成分,DOAS方法明显降低了气溶胶和地表反照率对卫星反射光谱的影响;(2)差分处理前,3个模拟参数的影响强弱依次为地表反照率、气溶胶和NO2浓度;而差分处理后,3个模拟参数的影响强弱依次为NO2浓度、地表反照率和气溶胶.在影响趋势上,气溶胶和地表反照率很相似,均体现为宽带效应,在440-450 nm内有水汽强吸收和多次散射复杂相互作用导致的较大峰值;NO2浓度变化对差分处理前后的光谱都呈现气体吸收结构的影响特性;(3)由于吸收和散射相互作用等因素的影响,在基于卫星观测的差分光谱中仍然残留有气溶胶和地表反照率的误差,地表反照率约占18.6%,气溶胶约占6.2%.因此,当前SCIAMACHY遥感的NO2产品在中国区域浓度偏高,需要对气溶胶和地表反照率进行二次精细化的订正.     

初夏至盛夏东亚副热带西风急流突变早晚与东亚环流异常的关系

利用1961-2004年NCEP／NCAR再分析逐候资料和全国160站月平均降水资料,分析了初夏至盛夏东亚副热带急流北跳和急流中心西移发生早晚对7月东亚大气环流和我国降水的影响。结果表明,急流北跳时间与7月长江中下游地区降水异常正相关,急流中心西移时间则与7月淮河流域降水异常正相关,与华北和河套地区降水异常负相关。急流北跳时间与南亚高压和西太平洋副热带高压南北位置异常及高纬贝加尔湖以东高压脊强度相关;而急流中心西移时间与南亚高压和西太平洋副热带高压的东西伸展及贝加尔湖以西高压脊强度相关,在急流中心西移偏晚年,南亚高压西缩,贝加尔湖西南侧高压脊增强,南下至华北和河套地区冷空气偏强,且西太平洋副热带高压东撤,冷暖空气在淮河流域交汇,使得华北和河套地区降水减少而淮河流域降水偏多;偏早年情况与偏晚年情况相反。     

Simulation of Precipitation in Monsoon Regions of China by CMIP3 Models

The output of 25 models used in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 （CMIP3） were evaluated, with a focus on summer precipitation in eastern China for the last 40 years of the 20th century. Most models failed to reproduce rainfall associated with the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM）, and hence the seasonal cycle in eastern China, but provided reasonable results in Southwest （SW） and Northeast China （NE）. The simulations produced reasonable results for the Yangtze-Huai （YH） Basin area, although the Meiyu phenomenon was underestimated in general. One typical regional phenomenon, a seasonal northward shift in the rain belt from early to late summer, was completely missed by most models. The long-term climate trends in rainfall over eastern China were largely underestimated, and the observed geographical pattern of rainfall changes was not reproduced by most models. Precipitation extremes were evaluated via parameters of fitted GEV （Generalized Ex- treme Values） distributions. The annual extremes were grossly underestimated in the monsoon-dominated YH and SW regions, but reasonable values were calculated for the North China （NC） and NE regions. These results suggest a general failure to capture the dynamics of the EASM in current coupled climate models. Nonetheless, models with higher resolution tend to reproduce larger decadal trends and annual extremes of precipitation in the regions studied.     

吐鲁番葡萄免土埋越冬技术试验分析

以吐鲁番市葡萄乡铁提尔村和红柳河园艺场五队为试验区,在2007-2008年越冬期间,利用白绒胶粘布、黑绒胶粘布、深色再生绒毡、黑色PVC保鲜膜作为覆盖材料,开展葡萄免土埋越冬气象条件研究。结果表明,免土埋覆盖能较好起到保温保湿作用,基本能满足葡萄安全越冬需要。     

DIAGNOSIS AND IDENTIFICATION OF DYNAMIC CORRELATION FACTORS BETWEEN WEST-PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH AND EAST ASIA MONSOON SYSTEM INDEXES

Based on the daily reanalysis data of NCEP / NCAR and by using the method of phase space reconstruction, the point conditional probability density of the subtropical high ridge index are determined and then used, together with their power spectra, to seek the correlation between them and individual monsoon-affecting factors and their power spectra. Through diagnosis, six indexes are discovered that have the most important effects on the subtropical high index. The results of the diagnosis indicate that the technique can identify the factors which are dynamically correlated. It can offer the basis in determining and choosing dynamic conceptual factors.     

东北印度洋沉积岩芯热释光与古气候变化

孟加拉深海扇中扇的MD77181和下扇的MD81345岩芯沉积物天然热释光变化与古气候变化有明显的对应关系,岩芯记录的时间跨度约300 ka BP.将两支岩芯的热释光测量结果与δ18O、CaCO3含量和磁化率结果对比后发现,热释光强度与磁化率变化存在显著的一致性.它们与间冰期和冰期气候变化的对应关系表现为:间冰期,风化作用减弱,输入海洋的陆源性矿物减少,对碳酸盐的稀释作用低于冰期,热释光和磁化率同时降低.此时,热释光强度随碳酸盐含量的增加而增大,说明沉积物热释光主要来自于碳酸盐矿物的贡献,表现为海进沉积环境特征.在冰期,陆地风化作用加强,输入海洋的陆源性矿物增加,对碳酸盐的稀释作用增强,热释光强度随陆源物的增多而增强,热释光和磁化率同时增大.说明沉积物热释光主要来自陆源矿物,表现为海退沉积环境特征.     

一种卫星反演海温资料的补缺方法

卫星反演海温资料的补缺问题一直受到气象海洋工作者的关注,本文对海温补缺问题提出一种新的构想.首先对所研究的区域分块处理,对每一块子区域海温缺失部分进行Kriging方法插值,并利用历史资料,将海温缺失部分构成一个时间序列,借助于Kalman滤波,得到滤波以后的海温,然后对插值与滤波后的海温进行数据拟合.在拟合过程中引入区域信息量V,在不同象素点参数条件下拟合出最优拟合参βα、β并进行误差估计,实际试验表明子区域选取200×200个象素点,并把整张云图分为144块区域,对海温补缺效果十分明显.本文为海温补缺提供了一种全新的,具有较高精度且实际业务系统可操作的方法.     

红外焦平面探测器信息获取与预处理电路设计

针对中国科学院上海技术物理研究所研制的1500元红外线列焦平面探测器的输出特性,提出了以低噪声运放为核心的信息获取电路和以FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Array)为核心的数据预处理的设计方案,实现了驱动电路和探测器的良好匹配,较好地发挥了探测器高灵敏度的特性.测试结果表明,该方案不仅对系统获得优于50 mK噪声等效温差的高灵敏度成像起到了重要作用,足够宽的量化设计还保证了系统的动态范围和图像的丰富层次.该设计方案已成功应用在一些其他类型的红外焦平面探测器中.