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排序方式: 共有159条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
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Mike J. Harvey Cliff S. LawMurray J. Smith Julie A. HallEdward R. Abraham Craig L. StevensMark G. Hadfield David T. Ho Brian Ward Stephen D. ArcherJill M. Cainey Kim I. CurrieDawn Devries Michael J. Ellwood Peter HillGraham B. Jones Dave Katz Jorma KuparinenBurns Macaskill William Main Andrew MarrinerJohn McGregor Craig McNeilPeter J. Minnett Scott D. NodderJill Peloquin Stuart PickmereMatthew H. Pinkerton Karl A. SafiRona Thompson Matthew WalkingtonSimon W. Wright Lori A. Ziolkowski 《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2011,58(6):753-763
The SOLAS air-sea gas exchange experiment (SAGE) was a multiple-objective study investigating gas-transfer processes and the influence of iron fertilisation on biologically driven gas exchange in high-nitrate low-silicic acid low-chlorophyll (HNLSiLC) Sub-Antarctic waters characteristic of the expansive subpolar zone of the southern oceans. This paper provides a general introduction and summary of the main experimental findings. The release site was selected from a pre-voyage desktop study of environmental parameters to be in the south-west Bounty Trough (46.5°S 172.5°E) to the south-east of New Zealand and the experiment was conducted between mid-March and mid-April 2004. In common with other mesoscale iron addition experiments (FeAX’s), SAGE was designed as a Lagrangian study, quantifying key biological and physical drivers influencing the air-sea gas exchange processes of CO2, DMS and other biogenic gases associated with an iron-induced phytoplankton bloom. A dual tracer SF6/3He release enabled quantification of both the lateral evolution of a labelled volume (patch) of ocean and the air-sea tracer exchange at tenths of kilometer scale, in conjunction with the iron fertilisation. Estimates from the dual-tracer experiment found a quadratic dependency of the gas exchange coefficient on windspeed that is widely applicable and describe air-sea gas exchange in strong wind regimes. Within the patch, local and micrometeorological gas exchange process studies (100 m scale) and physical variables such as near-surface turbulence, temperature microstructure at the interface, wave properties and windspeed were quantified to further assist the development of gas exchange models for high-wind environments.There was a significant increase in the photosynthetic competence (Fv/Fm) of resident phytoplankton within the first day following iron addition, but in contrast to other FeAX’s, rates of net primary production and column-integrated chlorophyll a concentrations had only doubled relative to the unfertilised surrounding waters by the end of the experiment. After 15 days and four iron additions totalling 1.1 ton Fe2+, this was a very modest response compared to other mesoscale iron enrichment experiments. An investigation of the factors limiting bloom development considered co-limitation by light and other nutrients, the phytoplankton seed-stock and grazing regulation. Whilst incident light levels and the initial Si:N ratio were the lowest recorded in all FeAXs to date, there was only a small seed-stock of diatoms (less than 1% of biomass) and the main response to iron addition was by the picophytoplankton. A high rate of dilution of the fertilised patch relative to phytoplankton growth rate, the greater than expected depth of the surface mixed layer and microzooplankton grazing were all considered as factors that prevented significant biomass accumulation. In line with the limited response, the enhanced biological draw-down of pCO2 was small and masked by a general increase in pCO2 due to mixing with higher pCO2 waters. The DMS precursor DMSP was kept in check through grazing activity and in contrast to most FeAX’s dissolved dimethylsulfide (DMS) concentration declined through the experiment. SAGE is an important low-end member in the range of responses to iron addition in FeAX’s. In the context of iron fertilisation as a geoengineering tool for atmospheric CO2 removal, SAGE has clearly demonstrated that a significant proportion of the low iron ocean may not produce a phytoplankton bloom in response to iron addition. 相似文献
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M. B. Katz 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(1-2):247-248
A preliminary study of the host rock at the Harts Range ruby mine in the Arunta Block, central Australia, suggests that it is a layered anorthosite complex in contradiction of the metasedimentary, limestone‐terra rossa hypothesis of McColl & Warren (1979). The mineralogical, textural and structural evidence points to a meta‐igneous origin, and this compares well with other ruby‐bearing, Archaean, layered anorthosite complexes described from Greenland, India and elsewhere. This is the first report of a layered anorthosite in a high‐grade metamorphic terrain in the Australian Precambrian. 相似文献
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B. G. Katz 《水文研究》1989,3(2):185-202
During 1983 and 1984, wet precipitation was primarily a solution of dilute sulphuric acid, whereas calcium and bicarbonate were the major ions in springs and ground water in two small watersheds with a deciduous forest cover in central Maryland. Dominant ions in soil water were calcium, magnesium, and sulphate. The relative importance of mineral weathering reactions on the chemical composition of these subsurface waters was compared to the contribution from wet precipitation, biological processes, and road deicing salts. Mineral reaction models, developed from geochemical mass-balance relationships, involved reactions of primary and secondary minerals in metabasalt and metarhyolite with hydrogen ion. Geochemical weathering reactions account for the majority of total ion equivalents in soil water (46 per cent), springs (51 per cent), and ground water (68 to 77 per cent). The net contribution of total ion equivalents from biological processes was 20 and 16 per cent for soil water and springs, respectively, but less than 10 per cent for ground water. The contribution of total ion equivalents from deicing salts (10 to 20 per cent) was related to proximity to roads. Strong acids in precipitation contributed 44 per cent of the total amount of hydrogen ions involved in mineral-weathering reactions for ground water in contact with metarhyolite compared to 25 per cent for ground water in contact with metabasalt, a less resistant rock type to weathering. 相似文献
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J. Katz 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1980,72(1):117-125
The coherence of the radiation from a cubic lattice ofQ charges is evaluated at all wavelengths. The novelty of a second characteristic length, the distance between charges, adds a domain of wavelength in which enormous amplifications of power may exist (Q
1/3 times that of incoherent radiation). This amplification may be significant even if the charges are only poorly ordered becauseQ is extremely high in astrophysically relevant conditions. 相似文献
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