地壳形变与分形

众所周知,地震的频度-震级统计关系满足古登堡-里克特关系式。易知,这一关系是分形的,分维数D=1.8～2.0。既然每条断层都有其特征地震这一观点已被普遍接受,那么断层的频数-尺度统计关系也将是分形的。有限的野外研究表明,断层的出露部分是D≈1.6的二维分形(地震和断层的分维数并不要求一定相等,因为地震的复发时间亦具有依赖于标度的幂律关系)。断块在很宽的尺度范围内具有D≈2.5的分形频数-尺度关系。关于构造形变的一个模型就是碎裂,这样一个标度不变的模型似乎与上述讨论的分形关系是一致的。地震活动性具有许多“自组织临界现象”的显著特性,能量(应变)被持续不断地施加于地壳上,又以离散事件的形式(地震)被释放掉,而这些离散的事件具有分形的频数-尺度分布。这样,认为大陆地壳的所有地方均处于这样一种临界状态似乎是有道理的(类似于与完全塑性有关的临界应力),其证据来源于板内地震的分布,以及差不多是任何一个地方的人工水库蓄水后所发生的诱发地震。     

Delineating alluvial aquifer heterogeneity using resistivity and GPR data

Conceptual geological models based on geophysical data can elucidate aquifer architecture and heterogeneity at meter and smaller scales, which can lead to better predictions of preferential flow pathways. The macrodispersion experiment (MADE) site, with >2000 measurements of hydraulic conductivity obtained and three tracer tests conducted, serves as an ideal natural laboratory for examining relationships between subsurface flow characteristics and geophysical attributes in fluvial aquifers. The spatial variation of hydraulic conductivity measurements indicates a large degree of site heterogeneity. To evaluate the usefulness of geophysical methods for better delineating fluvial aquifer heterogeneities and distribution of preferential flow paths, a surface grid of two-dimensional ground penetrating radar (GPR) and direct current (DC) resistivity data were collected. A geological model was developed from these data that delineate four stratigraphic units with distinct electrical and radar properties including (from top to bottom) (1) a meandering fluvial system (MFS); (2) a braided fluvial system (BFS); (3) fine-grained sands; and (4) a clay-rich interval. A paleochannel, inferred by other authors to affect flow, was mapped in the MFS with both DC resistivity and GPR data. The channel is 2 to 4 m deep and, based on resistivity values, is predominantly filled with clay and silt. Comparing previously collected hydraulic conductivity measurements and tracer-plume migration patterns to the geological model indicates that flow primarily occurs in the BFS and that the channel mapped in the MFS has no influence on plume migration patterns.     

Compound response of marine and terrestrial ecosystems to varying climate: pre-anthropogenic perspective from bivalve shell growth increments and tree-rings

Annual growth increments were examined from shells of the ocean quahog (Arctica islandica L.) from northwest Norway and from tree-ring samples of the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) from nearby coastal areas. The reconstructed annual growth increments were used to compare growth variability in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Spatiotemporal comparison of the growth records showed statistically significant correlation during the 19th century A.D., indicative of ecosystem-independent response to pre-anthropogenic climate variations. Geographical correlation between marine and terrestrial records was only observed at the local scale. Years with particularly low winter or high summer North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) indices showed the best synchronization of marine and terrestrial growth. Despite strong correlation during historical time, our palaeoecological evidence suggests that marine and terrestrial ecosystems may show dissimilar growth reaction to recently observed positive winter-NAO phases.     

An Analytic Model of Galactic Winds and Mass Outflows

Galactic winds and mass outflows are observed both in nearby starburst galaxies and in high-redshift star-forming galaxies. We develop a simple analytic model to understand the observed superwind phenomenon with a discussion of the model uncertainties. Our model is built upon the model of McKee & Ostriker for the interstellar medium. It allows one to predict how properties of a superwind, such as wind velocity and mass outflow rate, are related to properties of its starforming host galaxy, such as size, gas density and star formation rate. The model predicts a threshold of star formation rate density for the generation of observable galactic winds. Galaxies with more concentrated star formation activities produce superwinds with higher velocities. The predicted mass outflow rates are comparable to (or slightly larger than) the corresponding star formation rates. We apply our model to both local starburst galaxies and high-redshift Lyman break galaxies, and find its predictions to be in good agreement with current observations. Our model is simple and so can be easily incorporated into numerical simulations and semi-analytical models of galaxy formation.     

岩石层,软流层和外围层（一）

岩石层是一种包含强度和相对稳定性的力学概念，然而人们又将岩石层这一术语用于界面热边界层（ＴＢＬ）和浅部富集地球化学储层，其性质与强度毫无关系。“坚硬”岩石层的厚约是ＴＢＬ厚度的一半。弹性板块底部、板块中和地震断裂带的最大深度、低速带的顶部都位于相于５５０－７５０°温度范围的深度。这深度也相当于粘合板块的底部。消减板舌的地震被圈定在这个温度间隔的等温线内。高于６５０℃的地幔因不能承受长期应力作用而不     

岩石层,软流层和外围层（续一）

3 富集地幔人们曾经用大陆地壳拼凑和原始的下地幔柱解释所有非大洋中脊玄武岩(即富集玄武岩或来自所谓原生储层的玄武岩)。上地幔被看作是枯竭地幔和洋中脊玄武岩的储层,而仅是洋中脊玄武岩的储藏,它是     

地幔中的化学界面

尽管在４００ｋｍ和６５０ｋｍ深度附近的地震不整合主要是由于相变，但在均一的地幔中它们却不一定是平衡相的界面。４００ｋｍ附近地震波速的跳跃很小以致不是在橄榄石或者橄榄－斜方辉石类为主的地幔岩中相变的结果。