Compound response of marine and terrestrial ecosystems to varying climate: pre-anthropogenic perspective from bivalve shell growth increments and tree-rings

Annual growth increments were examined from shells of the ocean quahog (Arctica islandica L.) from northwest Norway and from tree-ring samples of the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) from nearby coastal areas. The reconstructed annual growth increments were used to compare growth variability in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Spatiotemporal comparison of the growth records showed statistically significant correlation during the 19th century A.D., indicative of ecosystem-independent response to pre-anthropogenic climate variations. Geographical correlation between marine and terrestrial records was only observed at the local scale. Years with particularly low winter or high summer North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) indices showed the best synchronization of marine and terrestrial growth. Despite strong correlation during historical time, our palaeoecological evidence suggests that marine and terrestrial ecosystems may show dissimilar growth reaction to recently observed positive winter-NAO phases.     

An Analytic Model of Galactic Winds and Mass Outflows

Galactic winds and mass outflows are observed both in nearby starburst galaxies and in high-redshift star-forming galaxies. We develop a simple analytic model to understand the observed superwind phenomenon with a discussion of the model uncertainties. Our model is built upon the model of McKee & Ostriker for the interstellar medium. It allows one to predict how properties of a superwind, such as wind velocity and mass outflow rate, are related to properties of its starforming host galaxy, such as size, gas density and star formation rate. The model predicts a threshold of star formation rate density for the generation of observable galactic winds. Galaxies with more concentrated star formation activities produce superwinds with higher velocities. The predicted mass outflow rates are comparable to (or slightly larger than) the corresponding star formation rates. We apply our model to both local starburst galaxies and high-redshift Lyman break galaxies, and find its predictions to be in good agreement with current observations. Our model is simple and so can be easily incorporated into numerical simulations and semi-analytical models of galaxy formation.     

西秦岭白依沟群形成环境及其时代的初步探讨

本文根据西秦岭白依沟群中火山-沉积岩系的结构、构造和其中所夹的火山碎屑岩的岩性、岩石化学、地球化学特征。初步认为它是一套陆相沉积夹有夭折裂谷型火山岩的火山-沉积岩系。并结合白依沟群中英安质凝灰岩所测的Rb-Sr等时线年龄为738.59Ma,因此其时代应归属于早震旦世,与川西乌斯大桥群相当。     

岩石层,软流层和外围层（一）

岩石层是一种包含强度和相对稳定性的力学概念，然而人们又将岩石层这一术语用于界面热边界层（ＴＢＬ）和浅部富集地球化学储层，其性质与强度毫无关系。“坚硬”岩石层的厚约是ＴＢＬ厚度的一半。弹性板块底部、板块中和地震断裂带的最大深度、低速带的顶部都位于相于５５０－７５０°温度范围的深度。这深度也相当于粘合板块的底部。消减板舌的地震被圈定在这个温度间隔的等温线内。高于６５０℃的地幔因不能承受长期应力作用而不     

岩石层,软流层和外围层（续一）

3 富集地幔人们曾经用大陆地壳拼凑和原始的下地幔柱解释所有非大洋中脊玄武岩(即富集玄武岩或来自所谓原生储层的玄武岩)。上地幔被看作是枯竭地幔和洋中脊玄武岩的储层,而仅是洋中脊玄武岩的储藏,它是     

地幔中的化学界面

尽管在４００ｋｍ和６５０ｋｍ深度附近的地震不整合主要是由于相变，但在均一的地幔中它们却不一定是平衡相的界面。４００ｋｍ附近地震波速的跳跃很小以致不是在橄榄石或者橄榄－斜方辉石类为主的地幔岩中相变的结果。